Correlation of Interleukin-17 and 23 Inflammatory Markers with Genetically Transmitted Spondyloarthritis Patients at a Tertiary Care Facility, South India

Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are genetically derived proteins in the major histocompatibility complex. They help distinguish “self” and “non-self” antigens and are essential in interacting with the immune cells inside the body. The present research work examines the prevalence of HLA-B27 among patients suspected of Spondyloarthritis (SpA), which has also been correlated with Interleukin-17/23 Inflammatory Markers and other clinical manifestations and was carried out between August 2017 to January 2021. The patient’s blood samples were collected and tested for HLA-B27 and Interleukin-17/23 inflammatory markers. Among 289 SpA patients, 60% (172) were males, and 40% (117) were females, with a ratio of 1.5:1. Ankylosing Spondylitis (65.1%) was found to be the most prevalent subgroup of SpA among the patients, closely followed by reactive arthritis (21%), psoriatic arthritis (10.7%), undifferentiated spondyloarthritis (2.1%), and inflammatory bowel disease with associated arthritis (1%). HLA-B27 was found to be positive in 54% (156) out of 289 patients. Normal IL-17 ranges were seen in 42% of HLA-B27- positive patients, while increased IL-17 was seen in 58% of the population with positive HLA-B27 cases. IL-23 was found within normal ranges in 40% of positive HLA-B27 cases, while it was found to be increased in 60% of the positive HLA-B27 positive subjects. We concluded that HLA-B27 was found to be positive among more than half of the patient population with SpA. The early detection of HLA-B27 may aid in changing lifestyle to prevent Spondyloarthritides

Therapeutic and Diagnostic Approaches by using Nanotechnology in SARS-CoV-2 Infections

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 infection is a universal threat in recent days, hence early diagnosis and treatment play a pivotal role in controlling the spread thereby preventing them to become endemic. A newer promising approach by Nanotechnology plays an essential role in targeting the specific pathogens for therapeutic and diagnosis of Viral infection. Certain Nano platforms like Microneedle array delivered Virus S1 subunit vaccines, spike protein nanoparticles, Lumazine synthase Nanoparticles, Silver Nanoparticles, Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles against Viral therapy are the upcoming applications as a therapeutic approach. Nucleic acid amplification techniques and Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy shows a high specificity with the immunoassay strategy. In recent days, Colloidal Gold – Nanoparticles and silicon nanoparticles have been widely used as a point of care for quick detection of IgG and IgM antibodies obtained from the virus as a diagnostic approach. Additionally, the Nanoparticles serve as a significant improvement in Personal Protective Equipment and protect against exposure to the virus. As a result of repurposing as well as for the development of the drug, apparently, Nanoparticles themselves and their concomitant therapy or their carriers will be advantageous in making a therapeutic and diagnostic approach against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 infections

Analysis of Robust Immune Response among Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Individuals against SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination

The pandemic on SARS-CoV-2 infection has adversely impacted mankind all over the globe and more importantly, amidst individuals having Type-2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) as well as among those who produce SARS-CoV-2 intricacies. Humoral and T cell-mediated immunity are adaptive immunity has a pivotal role to play in removing pathogens, comprising SARS-CoV-2. The infected cells are being eliminated by the primarily cytotoxic CD8+ T cells as well as certain antibodies in opposition to SARS-CoV-2 among humoral immunological responses possess the capacity for neutralizing this virus or by eliminating the infected cells with the support of cytotoxic in order to manage the progression of the disease. This cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2022 to December 2022. The serum samples were used to analyze SARS-CoV-2 total Ab among individuals having and not having T2DM and several metabolic risk factors like hypertension using WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 Total Ab ELISA Kit. There were 354 individuals, of which 141 (39.8%) had T2DM and 213 (60.2%) were nondiabetic patients. T2DM showed reduced antibody levels (average 5 AU/ml) than those without diabetes (average 12 AU/ml). SARS-CoV2 total antibody levels are considerably lower in hypertension patients (8 AU/ml) over those who are normotensive (14 AU/ml). The present study implies that the continuous monitoring of the total antibody profile of SARS-CoV-2 that may be a practical strategy to help individuals with T2DM and hypertension to determine their need of precautionary doses for sustaining SARS-CoV-2 vaccines by producing immunity for protection against infections