Decentralisation in developing countries: preconditions for successful implementation

Decentralisation has been implemented and is being implemented in many developing countries without much success. Although several unique factors inhibit the implementation of decentralisation in individual countries, the paper argues that there are six pre-conditions that these countries should fulfill before decentralisation can be successfully implemented. These preconditions are: institutional mechanisms; creation of spaces for participation; political will and civil will; capacity development at the local level; careful implementation; and democratic governance

Local Governance and Local Democracy in Uganda

Uganda embarked in 1993 on radical decentralization, among other reasons, to enhance local governance and local democracy. The major focus of the decentralization policy was on empowering citizens to participate in decisions that affect their localities. This issue will be examined based on two major themes of the twelve principles of the Commonwealth’s ‘Aberdeen Agenda’ for local democracy – the enabling environment and participation. However, the paper argues that Uganda’s devolutionary decentralization can only foster local governance and local democracy if it is properly conceptualised, the facilitating conditions are given careful attention, and the institutional framework is sufficiently elaborate and effective to enable it to achieve its intended objectives. Short of these measures, the gap between intent and reality might be so great as to disable the decentralization policy from achieving real local governance and local democracy

MODERN MANAGMENT THEORIES AND PRACTICES

Management is one of the most important aspects of human activity. Since the person began to establish social ties to achieve goals and objectives that he could not achieve as an individual, management has become an integral part of coordinating individual efforts. As society constantly relies on group efforts, and organized groups become larger, the work of managers becomes more and more important and complex. For this reason, management theory has become key in the management of complex enterprises