13 research outputs found
Imprégnation aux dioxines/furanes dans la population de la région lausannoise
En dĂ©cembre 2020, la dĂ©couverte dâune contamination aux dioxines (polychloro-dibenzo dioxines - PCDDs) et furanes (polychloro-dibenzo furanes - PCDFs) dans les sols de la rĂ©gion lausannoise a initiĂ© de nombreuses investigations qui ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une pollution dĂ©passant les seuils d'investigations, et par endroit d'assainissement de lâOrdonnance sur les atteintes portĂ©es aux sols (OSol). Lâancienne usine d'incinĂ©ration des ordures mĂ©nagĂšres (UIOM) du Vallon, active entre 1958 et 2005, a Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©e comme la source principale de cette contamination. A la demande de lâOffice du MĂ©decin cantonal (OMC), UnisantĂ© a rĂ©alisĂ© une premiĂšre analyse des risques sanitaires en 2021, conduisant Ă des mesures de restriction dâusages des sols, notamment pour limiter la consommation d'oeufs et de cucurbitacĂ©es provenant des zones contaminĂ©es.
En raison de lâabsence de donnĂ©es rĂ©centes sur les niveaux dâimprĂ©gnation de la population suisse aux PCDD/Fs, lâexpertise sanitaire de 2021 nâavait pas eu recours Ă la surveillance biologique. Une nouvelle Ă©tude a donc dĂ©butĂ© en dĂ©cembre 2022 afin dâĂ©valuer lâimpact de la contamination des sols en rĂ©gion lausannoise sur la concentration sanguine (charge corporelle) en PCDD/Fs des habitants exposĂ©s. Cette Ă©tude compare une population de rĂ©fĂ©rence (groupe contrĂŽle) Ă une population exposĂ©e Ă des facteurs de risques associĂ©s Ă la contamination des sols (groupe exposĂ©). Le groupe exposĂ© est exclusivement composĂ© de consommateurs rĂ©guliers dâoeufs et de cucurbitacĂ©es provenant des zones contaminĂ©es, de façon Ă maximiser la diffĂ©rence possible entre les concentrations sanguines de PCDD/Fs des deux groupes
Free-range eggs dioxin contamination assessment: comparison between a simple model and in situ measurements to determine a maximum egg frequency consumption
Dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzodioxins - PCDDs) and furans (polychlorinated dibenzofurans - PCDFs), are a family of aromatic organochlorine molecules whose primary origin of their emission is industrial processes requiring a combustion process. These compounds are very lipophilic, stable and not very biodegradable. These persistent organic pollutants accumulate in fatty tissue. For this reason, food is one of the main source of exposure to PCDD/Fs in our daily environment. Following a large PCDD/Fs soil contamination in Lausanne (Switzerland), a first report evaluated the risk of different exposure scenarios. Poultry houses on contaminated soil represent a risk of contamination by ingestion of PCDD/Fs contaminated eggs. Chickens peck on contaminated land ingest soil. The PCDD/Fs absorbed are found in their fat mass and are eliminated through the eggs.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the expected concentrations in eggs as a function of the concentrations in the soil and express recommendation on the frequency of ingestion to remain below the acceptable daily intake. We fitted a PCDD/Fs toxicokinetic model in hens to evaluate the sensitivity of the different parameters. In order to validate the model, we sampled eggs and soil from five chicken houses in the contaminated area. The PCDD/Fs in eggs were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction and quantified by gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry. The PCDD/Fs from the soil were extracted using an Accelerated Solvent Extraction and then quantify by gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry.
The results from the model were compared to the measured concentrations. The model is conservative since there is a tendency to overestimate the real concentrations. A rapid elimination phase during the first days is followed by first order kinetics. Overall, the half-life is 50 days. After 200 days, an equilibrium is reached and the concentrations in the eggs are stable. The parameters that influence the concentrations measured in the eggs are: the soil concentration, the geophagy (amount of soil ingested by the hen during pecking), the age of the hen (or its duration on the contaminated soil) and the egg laying efficiency. The geophagy parameter is the most difficult to predict.
In order to limit health risks, we would recommend avoiding eggs from hens if they are pecking on soil above 50 ng Toxic Equivalent (TEQ)/kg soil. Below this concentration, it is recommended to ensure a good vegetation cover to limit geophagy and depending on the soil concentration to reduce the frequency of egg consumption
Analyse des pesticides dans les cheveux: une nouvelle approche pour lâĂ©valuation de lâexposition professionnelle
pesticides. A high number of pesticides are known as endocrine disrupting chemicals or having a supposed or verified carcinogenic effect. These toxic compounds are found in the environment, in water or in food. Once in our organism these molecules can be metabolised or stored. GOALS. In order to measure the impact on human health of gardening activity in Burkina Faso, hair analysis will provide information on the pesticidesâ exposition of operators. The evaluation of pesticides exposure risks for human health is usually over estimated when there is only the analysis of environmental matrices (air, water, soilâŠ) As the aim of this project is to understand the impact of gardening activity, the volunteers who participate in this project will be classified into two groups. First, the exposed population considers the operators. Then, the reference population regroups people living in the same area that the population studied, but without being in direct contact with pesticides. This population will be our baseline. In this way, contaminations due to other vectors such as food, water, vector control etc. will not be considered to evaluate the exposition due to gardening. An inovative protocole. The protocol developed, optimised and used for natural samples is inspired from the existing method QuEChERS AOAC 2007.01. This method is used to analyse pesticides in fruits, vegetables or soils samples. The main principle is simple and based on the salting-out effect. Hair pesticides residue analysis are made in GC/MS and LC/MS-MS. REsults. Analysis over 73 volunteers shows a 100% contamination of imidaclorprid in hair. The professional activity impact is observable on the acetamiprid concentration (10 times more in gardenerâs population than in the reference population). The exposed population has a mean sum of 2469.3 ng pesticides/ g hair whereas the reference population has a mean sum of 1709.5 ng pesticides/g of hair
Contamination des sols aux dioxines/furanes en rĂ©gion lausannoise â Ăvaluation sanitaire
Les dioxines (polychloro-dibenzo dioxines - PCDDs) et furanes (polychloro-dibenzo furanes - PCDFs), sont une famille de molĂ©cules organochlorĂ©es aromatiques de plus de 210 congĂ©nĂšres. Lâorigine primaire de leur Ă©mission sont les processus industriels demandant un procĂ©dĂ© de combustion, comme les incinĂ©rateurs de dĂ©chets dâanciennes gĂ©nĂ©rations. Ces composĂ©s Ă©tant trĂšs lipophiles, stables et peu biodĂ©gradables, vont sâaccumuler dans les tissus graisseux. Pour cette raison, lâalimentation est la principale source dâexposition aux PCDD/Fs de notre environnement quotidien.
Une contamination aux PCDD/Fs sur une large Ă©tendue de la rĂ©gion lausannoise a Ă©tĂ© constatĂ©e suite Ă des sondages effectuĂ©s en vue dâun rĂ©amĂ©nagement dâune parcelle agricole sise Ă lâavenue Victor-Ruffy Ă Lausanne. Les concentrations mesurĂ©es dĂ©passent le seuil dâinvestigation et par endroit le seuil dâassainissement de lâOrdonnance sur les atteintes portĂ©es aux sols (OSol), respectivement de 20 et 100 ng i-TEQ/kg. La contamination observĂ©e est dâorigine historique, la source dâĂ©mission la plus probable (lâancienne usine dâincinĂ©ration) ayant disparu et aucune autre source de dioxines actuellement en exploitation nâayant Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©e. Les concentrations Ă©levĂ©es mesurĂ©es ont suscitĂ© plusieurs questions dâordre sanitaire nĂ©cessitant un travail dâexpertise. Une dĂ©marche dâanalyse de risque environnemental pour la santĂ© des populations exposĂ©es a alors Ă©tĂ© entreprise par UnisantĂ© sous le mandat de la Direction gĂ©nĂ©rale de la santĂ© (DGS) du Canton de Vaud et en collaboration avec la Direction gĂ©nĂ©rale de lâenvironnement (DGE) du Canton de Vaud et la Ville de Lausanne.
Les objectifs du mandat Ă©taient dâidentifier les scĂ©narios dâexposition, dâĂ©valuer les risques associĂ©s Ă ces scĂ©narios, de formuler des recommandations Ă lâattention des autoritĂ©s dâexĂ©cution, et dâaccompagner la DGS et la DGE dans la communication des risques sanitaires. Selon les modalitĂ©s dâusage des sols, trois scenarios ou conditions dâexposition ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s, Ă savoir les jeunes enfants ingĂ©rant accidentellement de la terre, les jeunes enfants et les adultes ingĂ©rant des lĂ©gumes cultivĂ©s dans des potagers lausannois, les jeunes enfants et les adultes ingĂ©rant des denrĂ©es alimentaires issues dâanimaux Ă©levĂ©s sur les terrains lausannois (porc, moutons, poules).
Parmi les effets sur la santĂ© reconnus chez lâhumain, lâeffet le plus sensible identifiĂ© est la reprotoxicitĂ©. Deux congĂ©nĂšres de la famille des PCDD/Fs Ă©tant classĂ©s cancĂ©rigĂšnes, le risque de cancer a aussi Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ© dans ce rapport. Câest sur la base de lâassociation entre la diminution des concentrations de spermatozoĂŻdes et l'augmentation des niveaux sĂ©riques de TCDD ainsi que dâun modĂšle toxicocinĂ©tique de distribution des dioxines dans lâorganisme humain (CADM, ou concentration- and age-dependant model) que lâAutoritĂ© europĂ©enne de sĂ©curitĂ© des aliments (EFSA, ou European Food Safety Authority en anglais) a dĂ©fini une dose journaliĂšre tolĂ©rable (DJT) de 0.3 pg TEQWHO-05/kg pc/jour. Bien que cette DJT fournisse un Ă©lĂ©ment dâapprĂ©ciation important, son interprĂ©tation est rendue difficile par le fait que la dose attendue via lâalimentation « normale » dĂ©passe dĂ©jĂ ce seuil. Le modĂšle toxicocinĂ©tique (CADM) a donc Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour estimer les concentrations sanguines en PCDD/Fs selon les diffĂ©rentes situations dâexposition et pour dĂ©terminer lâimportance de lâaugmentation relative de la charge corporelle en PCDD/Fs. Trois seuils ont Ă©tĂ©s retenus pour lâĂ©laboration des recommandations. Ces seuils tiennent compte de la variabilitĂ© de concentration attendue dans la population gĂ©nĂ©rale et sont dĂ©finis comme une augmentation « faible » (<20%), « notable » (entre 20 et 100%) ou « importante » (>100%).
Les scĂ©narios conduisant potentiellement Ă une augmentation importante (>100%) de la charge corporelle sont la consommation rĂ©guliĂšre dâoeufs de poules Ă©levĂ©es sur des sols avec des concentrations de PCDD/Fs > 20 ng TEQWHO-05/kg et la consommation rĂ©guliĂšre de cucurbitacĂ©es cultivĂ©es sur des sols Ă des concentrations de PCDD/Fs >100 ng TEQWHO-05/kg. Les scĂ©narios conduisant potentiellement Ă une augmentation notable (20-100%) de la charge corporelle ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s comme Ă©tant la consommation rĂ©guliĂšre de cucurbitacĂ©es cultivĂ©es sur des sols avec des concentrations de PCDD/Fs entre 20-100 ng TEQWHO-05/kg, la consommation rĂ©guliĂšre de lĂ©gumes racines non-pelĂ©s cultivĂ©s sur des sols avec des concentrations de PCDD/F >50 ng TEQ/kg, et la frĂ©quentation rĂ©guliĂšre (pour les enfants) de parcs et de jardins sur des sols avec des concentrations de PCDD/F >200 ng TEQWHO-05/kg.
Il est plausible que les situations dâexposition actuelles conduisant Ă une augmentation notable ou importante de la charge corporelle puissent contribuer aux effets reprotoxiques, par ailleurs dĂ©jĂ observĂ©s dans la population suisse. Il est cependant peu probable que les situations dâexposition actuelles puissent contribuer de façon significative Ă des effets cancĂ©rigĂšnes. Au-delĂ de lâĂ©valuation des niveaux dâexposition attendus, lâanalyse de la situation lausannoise met en exergue : la forte influence des conditions dâusage des terrains (type dâexposition, frĂ©quence dâusage/consommation et teneur en PCDD/Fs du sol) dans les niveaux de charge corporelle attendus, un manque de donnĂ©es de rĂ©fĂ©rence sur les niveaux de charge corporelle en PCDD/Fs dans la population gĂ©nĂ©rale en Suisse et un dĂ©sĂ©quilibre entre les expositions attendues pour les diffĂ©rents scĂ©narios dâusage des terrains et les niveaux de protection visĂ©s par les dispositifs lĂ©gaux de protection des sols et des denrĂ©es alimentaires
Development of a modified QuEChERS method for multi-class pesticide analysis in human hair by GC-MS and UPLC-MS/MS
The present study assessed the suitability of using QuEChERS procedure for the simultaneous deter- mination and quantification of 37 multi-class pesticides in human hair. Matrix co-eluted material had a large influence on instrumental response sensitivity. Purification was needed although dSPE cleanup sorbent selection critically influenced analyte recovery. Optimized protocol using Z-SepĂŸ sorbent suc- cessfully achieved recovery of 28 pesticides with high sensitivity, precision, and accuracy. Limits of detection ranged from 0.2 to 86.6 pg mg 1 and from 0.5 to 6.3 pg mg 1 for GC and UPLC amenable substances respectively. Pyrethroid pesticides were the most influenced by matrix effects which explained the higher limits of quantification retained for these substances. On the contrary, high sensitivity was achieved for UPLC amenable substances (LOD < 1 pg mg 1 for atrazine, deisopropyla- trazine, desethylatrazine, and imidacloprid). Suitability for monitoring pesticide exposure was assessed by application of the proposed protocol to samples collected on the field. Hairs of the volunteers were found positive to 8 pesticides with every sample containing at least one residue. Among these pesticides, only 3 were reported as used in local vegetable production, which suggested other sources of exposure. The developed method offers a sensitive, robust, and accessible tool for biomonitoring of human exposure
Contaminations des sols aux dioxines dans la rĂ©gion lausannoise â exposition de la volaille et rĂ©sidus dans les denrĂ©es alimentaires
Les dioxines (polychloro-dibenzo dioxines - PCDDs) et furanes (polychloro-dibenzo furanes - PCDFs), sont une famille de molĂ©cules organochlorĂ©es aromatiques dont lâorigine primaire de leur Ă©mission sont les processus industriels demandant un procĂ©dĂ© de combustion. Ces composĂ©s Ă©tant trĂšs lipophiles, stables et peu biodĂ©gradables, ils vont sâaccumuler dans les tissus graisseux. Pour cette raison, lâalimentation est la principale source dâexposition aux PCDD/Fs de notre environnement quotidien.
Suite Ă une contamination aux PCDD/Fs sur une large Ă©tendue de la rĂ©gion lausannoise, un premier rapport a Ă©valuĂ© le risque de diffĂ©rents scĂ©narios dâexposition. Il a Ă©tĂ© mis en lumiĂšre que les poulaillers prĂ©sents sur les terrains contaminĂ©s pouvaient reprĂ©senter un risque de contamination par lâingestion dâoeufs contaminĂ© aux PCDD/Fs. Les poules qui picorent sur un terrain contaminĂ© ingĂšrent du sol. Les dioxines absorbĂ©es par les poules se retrouvent dans leur masse graisseuse et sont Ă©liminĂ©s par les oeufs.
Les objectifs du mandat Ă©taient dâĂ©valuer les concentrations attendues dans les oeufs en fonction des concentrations dans le sol. Nous avons ajustĂ© un modĂšle toxico-cinĂ©tique des PCDD/Fs chez la poule pour Ă©valuer la sensibilitĂ© des diffĂ©rents paramĂštres. Afin de valider le modĂšle, nous avons pris les Ă©chantillons dâoeufs et de sol de cinq poulaillers sur les communes contaminĂ©es. En comparant le modĂšle avec les concentrations mesurĂ©es, on remarque que le modĂšle est conservateur (tendance Ă surestimer les concentrations rĂ©elles). Une phase dâĂ©limination rapide durant les premiers jours est suivie dâune cinĂ©tique de premier ordre. Globalement, la demi-vie est de 50 jours. AprĂšs 200 jours, un Ă©quilibre est atteint et les concentrations dans les oeufs sont stables.
Les paramĂštres qui influencent les concentrations mesurĂ©es dans les oeufs sont la concentration du sol, la gĂ©ophagie (quantitĂ© de terre ingĂ©rĂ©e par la poule lors du picotage), lâĂąge de la poule (ou sa durĂ©e sur le sol contaminĂ©) et lâefficacitĂ© de ponte. Le paramĂštre de la gĂ©ophagie est le plus difficile Ă prĂ©dire.
Afin de limiter les risques sanitaires, il est recommandĂ© de ne pas manger dâoeufs si les poules picorent un terrain Ă plus de 29 ng TEQ Soxhlet/kg sol. En dessous de cette concentration, il est recommandĂ© de garantir une bonne couverture vĂ©gĂ©tale pour limiter la gĂ©ophagie et suivant les concentrations de sols de rĂ©duire la frĂ©quence de consommation des oeufs
Pesticides monitoring in surface water of a subsistence agricultural catchment in Uganda using passive samplers
Pesticides are intensely used in the agricultural sector worldwide including smallholder farming. Poor pesticide use practices in this agronomic setting are well documented and may impair the quality of water resources. However, empirical data on pesticide occurrence in water bodies of tropical smallholder agriculture is scarce. Many available data are focusing on apolar organochlorine compounds which are globally banned. We address this gap by studying the occurrence of a broad range of more modern pesticides in an agricultural watershed in Uganda. During 2.5 months of the rainy season in 2017, three passive sampler systems were deployed at five locations in River Mayanja to collect 14 days of composite samples. Grab samples were taken from drinking water resources. In these samples, 27 compounds out of 265 organic pesticides including 60 transformation products were detected. In the drinking water resources, we detected eight pesticides and two insecticide transformation products in low concentrations between 1 and 50 ng/L. Also, in the small streams and open fetch ponds, detected concentrations were generally low with a few exceptions for the herbicide 2,4-D and the fungicide carbendazim exceeding 1 ug/L. The widespread occurrence of chlorpyrifos posed the largest risk for macroinvertebrates. The extensive detection of this compound and its transformation product 3,4,5-trichloro-2-pyridinol was unexpected and called for a better understanding of the use and fate of this pesticide.ISSN:0944-1344ISSN:1614-749
Assessment of occupational exposure to pesticides with multi-class pesticide residues analysis in human hairs using a modified QuEChERS extraction method, case study of gardening areas in Burkina Faso
Pesticides have been proved to potentially cause multiple adverse health effects. The present study is part of a global project focusing on pesticides impacts on the environment and human health in gardening in Burkina Faso. In absence of existing monitoring, the present study aims at proposing a comprehensive indicator of occupational exposure to 48 pesticides identified during field campaigns. As a noninvasive and safe indicator of long term exposure, increasing interest is being observed in hair analysis for biomonitoring of human exposure to pesticides. In order to dissociate occupational and environmental exposure in the study area, two study populations have been randomly selected: fifty gardeners (operators) and fifty non users (reference population). The Ethics Committee of the Burkina Faso approved this study and written informed consent was obtained from all donors. Multiresidue extraction procedure using a modified QuEChERS extraction method has been developed and applied to the collected samples. Briefly, hairs were cut on the posterior of the head, subsequently cut in small pieces and spiked with appropriate 13C- or deuterated surrogates. After overnight incubation, they were extracted in acetonitrile, cleaned-up by Dispersive SPE (dSPE), concentrated and separated prior analysis on GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. Each sample was accompanied by a questionnaire on hair care practices. Different incubation, extraction methods and dSPE sorbents have been tested (temperature, type, volume, etc.). The best method was found to be a modified AOAC 2007.01 QuEChERS procedure, including 12h incubation at 37°C followed by dSPE clean-up with Supelco Z-sep/C18Ÿ sorbent. The substances detected in collected samples include pesticides commonly used in the study area such as acetamiprid, imidacloprid, cypermethrin, profenofos but also dieldrin a banned persistent organochlorine. These pesticides were detected in hairs of the gardeners but also in the samples of the reference population indicating the occurrence of passive contamination. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of sample preparation, extraction and clean-up procedure for multi-class pesticide residues analysis in human hairs. The modified QuEChERS extraction procedure proposed offers a simple and robust tool suitable to developing countries for monitoring human exposure and evaluation of compliance with policies. The study design, including comparison between reference and operators populations allowed to dissociate the influence of environmental exposure and direct occupational exposure. Results indicate that potential carcinogen, endocrine disruptor, neurotoxic and persistent pesticides have been detected in collected hairs