1,490 research outputs found

    From Micro to Macro via Production Networks

    Get PDF
    A modern economy is an intricately linked web of specialized production units, each relying on the flow of inputs from their suppliers to produce their own output which, in turn, is routed towards other downstream units. In this essay, I argue that this network perpective on production linkages can offer novel insights on the sources of aggregate fluctuations. To do this, I show (i) how production networks can be mapped to a standard general equilibrium setup; (ii) how to approach input-output from this networked perspective and (iii) how theory and data on production networks can be usefully combined to shed light on comovement and aggregate fluctuations

    Experimentally Calibrated Kinetic Monte Carlo Model Reproduces Organic Solar Cell Current-Voltage Curve

    Get PDF
    Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations are a powerful tool to study the dynamics of charge carriers in organic photovoltaics. However, the key characteristic of any photovoltaic device, its current-voltage (JJ-VV) curve under solar illumination, has proven challenging to simulate using KMC. The main challenges arise from the presence of injecting contacts and the importance of charge recombination when the internal electric field is low, i.e., close to open-circuit conditions. In this work, an experimentally calibrated KMC model is presented that can fully predict the JJ-VV curve of a disordered organic solar cell. It is shown that it is crucial to make experimentally justified assumptions on the injection barriers, the blend morphology, and the kinetics of the charge transfer state involved in geminate and nongeminate recombination. All of these properties are independently calibrated using charge extraction, electron microscopy, and transient absorption measurements, respectively. Clear evidence is provided that the conclusions drawn from microscopic and transient KMC modeling are indeed relevant for real operating organic solar cell devices.Comment: final version; license update

    Experimental and kinetic modeling studies of methanol synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation using In2O3 catalyst

    Get PDF
    Catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol has gained considerable interest for its significant role in CO2 utilization using heterogeneous catalysts. This study is the first to propose a kinetic model based on Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) mechanism for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol over a highly effective indium oxide (In2O3) catalyst. The work focuses on different reaction conditions mainly revolving around the variation of operating temperature, total reactor pressure, H2/CO2 molar feed ratio and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of the system. The experimental data were modeled using a competitive single-site kinetic model based on LHHW rate equations. A parameter optimization procedure was undertaken to determine the kinetic parameters of the developed rate equations. The model predicts that when the methanol synthesis reaction becomes equilibrium limited, the progress of the RWGS reaction forces the methanol yield to decrease due to the reversal of the methanol synthesis reaction. A mixture of CO2 and H2 has been used as the reactor feed in all the cases. Significantly w.r.t. the CO2 partial pressure, the reaction rate for methanol synthesis initially increased and then slightly decreased indicating a varying order. The single-site model accurately predicted the trends in the experimental data which would enable the development of reliable reactor and process designs

    Recent advances in hydrogenation of CO2 into hydrocarbons via methanol intermediate over heterogeneous catalysts

    Get PDF
    The efficient conversion of CO2 to hydrocarbons offers a way to replace the dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate the accumulation of surplus CO2 in the atmosphere that causes global warming. Therefore, various efforts have been made in recent years to convert CO2 to fuels and value-added chemicals. In this review, the direct and indirect hydrogenation of CO2 to hydrocarbons via methanol as an intermediate is spotlighted. We discuss the most recent approaches in the direct hydrogenation of CO2 into hydrocarbons via the methanol route wherein catalyst design, catalyst performance, and the reaction mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation are discussed in detail. As a comparison, various studies related to CO2 to methanol on transition metals and metal oxide-based catalysts and methanol to hydrocarbons are also provided, and the performance of various zeolite catalysts in H-2, CO2, and H2O rich environments is discussed during the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons. In addition, a detailed analysis of the performance and mechanisms of the CO2 hydrogenation reactions is summarized based on different kinetic modeling studies. The challenges remaining in this field are analyzed and future directions associated with direct synthesis of hydrocarbons from CO2 are outlined

    NÀr oron kokar över - En kvalitativ studie om lÀrares syn pÄ anmÀlningsskyldigheten

    Get PDF
    Abstract Authors: Nils Olsson & Sebastian Wiberg Title: When the concern boils over. A qualitative study of teachers’ views of the notification requirements/mandatory reporting in high schools. Supervisor: Mikael Sandgren Assessor: Elizabeth Martinell Barfoed This paper has the aim to find out how teachers reason about the mandatory reporting law. This is interesting because it can be difficult to determine if child abuse occurs in a situation and the law says that the notification should be made immediately when the teacher suspects child abuse. We have conducted semi-structured interviews with junior highschool teachers on their thoughts before the decision to make a notification to the social services. We also asked questions on how they relate to the child, the child's family and other colleagues at the school. We have used Scott and Lyman (2013) theory of accounts and reached certain conclusions. We have been able to interpret two different approaches to the mandatory reporting law called ”the rapporting teacher” and ”the notifying teacher". These depict the difference in what teachers do with a suspicion of child abuse. We have also been able to draw conclusions in the flaws of cooperation between teacher colleagues can be linked with the lack of training in this area. We can also see how the parents can be a reason for the teachers to refrain from making a notification. These are some of the conclutions made in this paper. Keywords: Mandatory reporting law, child abuse, accounts, teacher

    Mongoliet och Vitryssland: En jÀmförande studie av tvÄ skilda transitionsprocesser

    Get PDF
    Som tvÄ post-kommunistiska stater stod Mongoliet och Vitryssland inför olika utmaningar i början av 1990-talet. Genom en komparativ studie avser vi att lyfta fram de förklaringsfaktorer som kan skildra lÀndernas utfall. IstÀllet för att anknyta till befintliga teoribildningar har vi utformat en egen analysmodell, som försöker visa en koppling mellan politiskt förflutet, politisk kultur och institutionell design. Vad vi har kommit fram till Àr att den ryska inblandningen i lÀnderna, bÄde politiskt och kulturellt, och eliters agerande inom den institutionella uppbyggnaden har spelat betydelsefulla roller för hur de politiska systemen har utvecklats. Det finns Àven en strukturell faktor som lyfts fram nÀr det gÀller den institutionella designen. Vi ser en koppling mellan ökad chans för demokratisk överlevnad om premiÀrministern endast stÄr ansvarig inför parlamentet istÀllet för inför bÄde presidenten och parlamentet. I uppsatsen hoppas vi finna empiri som stödjer vÄr teori

    Forest fuel extraction in first commercial thinning and the effects on stand development : simulation in Heureka with different management regimes

    Get PDF
    Stands where pre commercial thinning has been ignored or inadequate often tend to have high stem density and low average diameter when they reach heights of thinning. In such stands, it can often be expensive to do a conventional pulpwood harvest as a first thinning. This study investigates the development of the stands and the economic outcome of forest fuel extraction, or a combined harvest as alternatives to the ordinary pulpwood harvest. Simulations in Heureka StandWise were performed for two thin and dense stands, which were constructed by data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory. The simulations show that the extraction of forest fuel in first thinning at an early stage can provide higher net revenue compared to conventional pulpwood harvest at the same time or later. An early forest fuel extraction or a combined harvest resulted in higher present value for the entire rotation period. The study indicates that forest fuel prices and productivity of forest fuel harvest has a major impact on which option should be selected.BestÄnd dÀr röjning uteblivit eller varit bristfÀllig Àr ofta stamtÀta och har lÄg medeldiameter nÀr de vÀxer in i gallringsfas. I sÄdana bestÄnd kan det ofta vara dyrt att göra ett konventionellt massavedsuttag som förstagallring. Den hÀr studien undersöker bestÄndsutvecklingen och det ekonomiska utfallet av att göra ett skogsbrÀnsleuttag i form av heltrÀd eller ett kombinerat uttag av massaved och GROT som alternativ till det ordinÀra massavedsuttaget. Simuleringar i Heureka StandWise har genomförts för tvÄ klena och stamtÀta typbestÄnd, vilka Àr konstruerade av data frÄn riksskogstaxeringen. Simuleringarna visar att uttag av skogsbrÀnsle i förstagallringar i ett tidigt skede kan ge ett bÀttre netto jÀmfört med konventionellt massavedsuttag vid samma tidpunkt eller senare. Ett tidigt skogsbrÀnsleuttag eller ett kombinerat uttag resulterade i ett högre nuvÀrde för hela omloppstiden. Studien pekar pÄ att skogsbrÀnslepriset och produktivitet vid skogsbrÀnsleskörd har stor inverkan pÄ vilket alternativ som bör vÀljas

    Why do next generation farmers decide to invest in Farm businesses?

    Get PDF
    The growing world population will lead to an increased demand for food in the future. Feeding the population is considered to be the main function of agriculture. Previous literature has concluded that the share of young farmers in Sweden is too low, this is referred to as the Young farmer problem. This can partly be explained by the barriers hindering the next generation farmers from investing in farm businesses. To increase the production in the agriculture sector, young farmers need to invest in farm businesses since they are considered to be more productive and efficient than older farmers. Despite the need of young farmers, there is no previous research regarding why young farmers invest in farm businesses. We argue it is important to increase the understanding of why young farmers invest in farm businesses to emphasize the values of being a farmer and attract more young farmers to the agriculture sector. This study aims to identify the underlying end-values of young Swedish farmers when deciding to invest in farm businesses to increase the understanding of why young farmers in Sweden invest in farm businesses. To identify the end-values, the Means-end chain (MEC) theory is used together with laddering interviews. This approach is used to identify the young farmers’ cognitive structures regarding farm business investments among the 30 interviewed young Swedish farmers. The cognitive structures consist of attributes, consequences, and values. Further, the Personal value theory is used as a complement to the MEC theory to categorize the identified end-values into value-types and thereby achieve a more comprehensive analysis of the young farmers underlying values concerning farm business investments. The results of this study indicate that the studied young farmers invest in farm businesses due to seven underlying end-values; Well-being, Satisfaction, Freedom, Safety, Pride, Selffulfillment, and Confirmation. The young farmers decide to invest in farm businesses mainly since they want to be self-employed, have an interest in farm business, and think the work is enjoyable. They see an opportunity to make money, control their own time, and develop as a person. Well-being is the most common end-value and are mainly linked to Thrive, Close to nature, and Energizing. The most common ladder is Self-employment leading to Empowerment and then to Freedom as the end-value. Freedom is mentioned by the young farmers in the context of being able to “control my own time” and “make my own decisions”. This ladder can thereby be seen as the main reason why young farmers decide to invest in farm businesses, but it is of course not the sole reason. Young farmers’ behavior may be misrepresented if assuming all young farmers’ decisions are solely based on profit maximization since the young farmers’ decisions are affected by several different value-types. Based on the Personal value theory, Hedonism is the most common valuetype among the studied young farmers. We can thereby conclude that the young farmers’ underlying values, when deciding to invest in a farm business, derives from the need of pleasure related to the satisfaction of enjoying life and achieve certain goals. The results from this study can be used to improve existing decision-making models and contribute to a deeper understanding of young farmers’ cognitive structures and behavior. Further, the results can also be useful to policymakers as a basis when developing new policies concerning young farmers. Thereby, this study can contribute to reducing the barriers connected to farm business investments among young farmers. Finally, the results can be used to communicate a brighter picture of the Swedish agricultural sector. The interviewed young farmers have a strong belief in the future. By marketing the results of this study, young entrepreneurial individuals may be attracted to the agriculture sector, resulting in a reduced impact of the Young farmer problem.Den vĂ€xande vĂ€rldsbefolkningen medför en ökad efterfrĂ„gan pĂ„ livsmedel. Det Ă€r jordbrukets huvudfunktion att försörja befolkningen med livsmedel, vilket Ă€r en utmaning. Tidigare studier har konstaterat att andelen unga jordbrukare i Sverige Ă€r för lĂ„g. Detta kan delvis förklaras av att det finns flera barriĂ€rer som hindrar nĂ€sta generations unga jordbrukare att investera i jordbruksföretag. För att öka produktionen i jordbrukssektorn behövs det unga jordbrukare som investerar i jordbruksföretag, eftersom unga jordbrukare anses vara mer produktiva och effektiva Ă€n Ă€ldre jordbrukare. Trots att andelen unga jordbrukare behöver öka, finns det i dagslĂ€get ingen tidigare forskning som besvarar varför unga jordbrukare beslutar att investera i jordbruksföretag. Vi hĂ€vdar att det Ă€r viktigt att undersöka varför unga jordbrukare investerar i jordbruksföretag för att kunna belysa fördelarna med yrket och dĂ€rmed attrahera fler unga jordbrukare till branschen. Denna studie syftar till att identifiera de underliggande vĂ€rdena hos unga jordbrukare i Sverige gĂ€llande beslutet att investera i ett jordbruksföretag. Detta för att öka förstĂ„elsen kring varför de har beslutat att investerat i ett jordbruksföretag. För att identifiera de underliggande slutvĂ€rdena har vi anvĂ€nt oss av Means-end chain (MEC) teorin i kombination med ladderingintervjuer. Den hĂ€r ansatsen anvĂ€nds för att identifiera kognitiva strukturer hos 30 unga svenska jordbrukare. De kognitiva strukturerna bestĂ„r av attribut, konsekvenser och slutvĂ€rden. Vidare har Personal value teorin anvĂ€nts som ett komplement till MEC teorin, för att fĂ„ en mer omfattande analys av de unga jordbrukarnas underliggande slutvĂ€rden. Resultatet frĂ„n studien visar att de studerade unga jordbrukarna investerar i jordbruksföretag pĂ„ grund av sju slutvĂ€rden; VĂ€lmĂ„ende, TillfredsstĂ€llelse, Frihet, Trygghet, Stolthet, SjĂ€lvuppfyllelse och BekrĂ€ftelse. De unga jordbrukarna beslutar att investera i jordbruksföretag frĂ€mst eftersom de vill vara egenföretagare, har jordbruksintresse och att tycker arbetet Ă€r roligt. De ser möjligheter till att tjĂ€na pengar, styra sin egen tid och personlig utveckling. VĂ€lmĂ„ende Ă€r det vanligast förekommande slutvĂ€rdet och Ă€r kopplat till att trivas, vara nĂ€ra naturen och fĂ„ energi. Den vanligast förekommande stegen gĂ„r frĂ„n att vara egenföretagare, vidare till att kunna styra sin egen tid och slutligen till Frihet som slutvĂ€rde. Frihet nĂ€mns av de unga jordbrukarna i samband med att ”styra min egen tid” och ”fatta egna beslut”. Denna stege kan dĂ€rigenom ses som huvudanledningen till varför de unga jordbrukarna beslutar att investera i jordbruksföretag, men Ă€r inte den enda anledningen. Unga jordbrukares beteende kan missbedömas om de uteslutande antas vara vinstmaximerande, eftersom de unga jordbrukarnas beslut pĂ„verkas av flera olika vĂ€rdetyper. Baserat pĂ„ Personal value teorin Ă€r Hedonism den vanligast förekommande vĂ€rdetypen. Det innebĂ€r att de unga jordbrukarnas underliggande vĂ€rden, nĂ€r de beslutar att investera i ett jordbruksföretag, frĂ€mst hĂ€rrör frĂ„n behovet av vĂ€lmĂ„ende kopplat till tillfredstĂ€llelsen av att styra sitt egna liv och nĂ„ uppsatta mĂ„l. Resultaten frĂ„n denna studie kan anvĂ€ndas för att förbĂ€ttra existerande beslutsmodeller och dĂ€rmed bidra till en djupare förstĂ„else för unga jordbrukares kognitiva strukturer och beteende. Vidare sĂ„ kan resultaten vara anvĂ€ndbara som underlag för beslutsfattare nĂ€r nya policys utvecklas gĂ€llande unga jordbrukare. SĂ„ledes kan denna studie bidra till att minska barriĂ€rerna kopplade till att investera i jordbruksföretag för nĂ€sta generation unga jordbrukare. Avslutningsvis kan resultaten bidra till en mer positiv bild av att vara verksam i det svenska jordbruket. De intervjuade unga jordbrukarna har en stark framtidstro. Genom att marknadsföra resultaten av denna studie kan unga potentiella jordbrukare lockas till branschen och pĂ„ sĂ„ vis öka andelen unga jordbrukare, och dĂ€rmed trygga framtidens livsmedelsproduktion

    Barriers of growth in Swedish agricultural businesses : a study of six agricultural businesses in Uppsala county

    Get PDF
    Ur ett samhÀllsperspektiv Àr det viktigt att ett företag utvecklas och skapar tillvÀxt eftersom det bidrar till förbÀttrad ekonomi och nya arbetstillfÀllen. TillvÀxt kan Àven ses som ökad innovations- och konkurrenskraft vilket gör tillvÀxt till nÄgot som bör vara centralt för företagande. Endast en fjÀrdedel av svenska lantbruksföretag rÀknas som tillvÀxtföretag. Lönsamhet Àr en viktig faktor för tillvÀxt dÄ ett företag som Àr lönsamt tenderar att utvecklas mer framgÄngsrikt. Tidigare studier antyder att svenska lantbruksföretag har lÄg lönsamhet, vilket kan vara en kausalitet till den relativt lÄga andelen lantbruksföretag som rÀknas som tillvÀxtföretag. LÄg lönsamhet Àr sÄledes ett exempel pÄ ett tillvÀxthinder. Syftet med uppsatsen Àr att identifiera upplevda tillvÀxthinder som hÀmmar eller förhindrar tillvÀxt i lantbruksföretag verksamma inom Uppsala lÀn, samt att undersöka hur företagarna hanterat och hanterar olika typer av tillvÀxthinder. Detta för att skapa förstÄelse för hur tillvÀxtprocessen kan se ut och dÀrmed hur tillvÀxt kan ske. För att besvara forskningsfrÄgorna genomförs en fallstudie av sex lantbruksföretag i Uppsala lÀn. Identifierade tillvÀxthinder kategoriseras och analyseras genom att förankra empirin i befintliga teorier. För att skapa en dynamisk analys Àr den teoretiska utgÄngspunkten en analysmodell som kompletteras med teoretiska ansatser om kontextens betydelse, företagarens motivation, företagets resursbas, strategier samt företagets olika tillvÀxtfaser. Teorierna kartlÀggs och förklaras genom en narrativ litteraturgenomgÄng av tidigare forskning inom omrÄdet. Uppsatsens forskningsprocess Àr kvalitativ vilket innebÀr att den har en induktiv ansats. Empiriinsamlingen har skett som en iterativ process genom en fallstudie av sex lantbruksföretag. Uppsatsen har en konstruktionistisk ontologisk stÄndpunkt som innebÀr att sociala konstruktioner skapas av sociala aktörer samt en tolkningsinriktad epistemologi vilket innebÀr att författarna tolkar det empiriska materialet. Studiens slutsatser pÄvisar likheter och skillnader mellan de studerade företagens upplevda tillvÀxthinder samt att flera tillvÀxthinder kan hÀrledas till varandra. Slutsatserna visar Àven att företagarens eget intresse och motivation ligger till grund för företagets utveckling och tillvÀxt. Studien bidrar till en ökad förstÄelse för hur tillvÀxt kan ske genom att företagaren kontinuerligt hanterar tillvÀxthinder i tillvÀxtprocessen. För att besvara hur tillvÀxthinder kan hanteras mÄste kontexten beaktas.The purpose of this thesis is to identify perceived barriers of growth in Swedish agricultural businesses and how they manage to handle these barriers. Profitability is an important component in the growth of firms and previous studies indicates insufficient profitability in Swedish agricultural businesses, only one fourth counts as growing businesses. Insufficient profitability can cause insufficient growth, therefore, insufficient profitability is an example of a barrier of growth. With a qualitative and inductive method, owners of six agricultural businesses have been interviewed. The empirical findings were based on an iterative process of semi-structured interviews. The theoretical approaches were chosen to create a dynamic analysis of perceived barriers of growth and what barriers to expect in the future. The study was limited to the context of Uppsala county. The conclusions of this study contributes to an increased understanding that the process of growth is influenced by how the barriers are continuously managed. It also indicates that there are similarities and differences between the firms in this context and that some of the perceived barriers of growth can be related to each other. Furthermore, it shows that the business-owners interest and motivation is the foundation of the development and growth of the firm

    JJ-factors for self-interacting dark matter in 20 dwarf spheroidal galaxies

    Get PDF
    Dwarf spheroidal galaxies are among the most promising targets for indirect dark matter (DM) searches in Îł\gamma-rays. The Îł\gamma-ray flux from DM annihilation in a dwarf spheroidal galaxy is proportional to the JJ-factor of the source. The JJ-factor of a dwarf spheroidal galaxy is the line-of-sight integral of the DM mass density squared times ⟚σannvrel⟩/(σannvrel)0\langle \sigma_{\rm ann} v_{\rm rel} \rangle/(\sigma_{\rm ann} v_{\rm rel})_0, where σannvrel\sigma_{\rm ann} v_{\rm rel} is the DM annihilation cross-section times relative velocity vrel=∣vrel∣v_{\rm rel}=|{\bf v}_{\rm rel}|, angle brackets denote average over vrel{\bf v}_{\rm rel}, and (σannvrel)0(\sigma_{\rm ann} v_{\rm rel})_0 is the vrelv_{\rm rel}-independent part of σannvrel\sigma_{\rm ann} v_{\rm rel}. If σannvrel\sigma_{\rm ann} v_{\rm rel} is constant in vrelv_{\rm rel}, JJ-factors only depend on the DM space distribution in the source. However, if σannvrel\sigma_{\rm ann} v_{\rm rel} varies with vrelv_{\rm rel}, as in the presence of DM self-interactions, JJ-factors also depend on the DM velocity distribution, and on the strength and range of the DM self-interaction. Models for self-interacting DM are increasingly important in the study of the small scale clustering of DM, and are compatible with current cosmological observations. Here we derive the JJ-factor of 20 dwarf spheroidal galaxies from stellar kinematic data under the assumption of Yukawa DM self-interactions. JJ-factors are derived through a profile Likelihood approach, assuming either NFW or cored DM profiles. We also compare our results with JJ-factors derived assuming the same velocity for all DM particles in the target galaxy. We find that this common approximation overestimates the JJ-factors by up to one order of magnitude. JJ-factors for a sample of DM particle masses, self-interaction coupling constants and density profiles are provided electronically, ready to be used in other projects.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures and 2 table
    • 

    corecore