Modified Heider Balance on Sparse Random Networks

The lack of signed random networks in standard balance studies has prompted us to extend the Hamiltonian of the standard balance model. Random networks with tunable parameters are suitable for better understanding the behavior of standard balance as an underlying dynamics. Moreover, the standard balance model in its original form does not allow preserving tensed triads in the network. Therefore, the thermal behavior of the balance model has been investigated on a fully connected signed network recently. It has been shown that the model undergoes an abrupt phase transition with temperature. Considering these two issues together, we examine the thermal behavior of the structural balance model defined on Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi random networks. We provide a Mean-Field solution for the model. We observe a first-order phase transition with temperature, for both the sparse and densely connected networks. We detect two transition temperatures, $T_{cold}$ and $T_{hot}$, characterizing a hysteresis loop. We find that with increasing the network sparsity, both $T_{cold}$ and $T_{hot}$ decrease. But the slope of decreasing $T_{hot}$ with sparsity is larger than the slope of decreasing $T_{cold}$. Hence, the hysteresis region gets narrower, until, in a certain sparsity, it disappears. We provide a phase diagram in the temperature-tie density plane to observe the meta-stable/coexistence region behavior more accurately. Then we justify our Mean-Field results with a series of Monte-Carlo simulations.Comment: 10 Pages, 5 Figure

Hydrology and hydrobiology and environmental pollutions in lower than 10 meters depths of Caspian Sea

The present project in related to survey of factors and hydrology and hydrochemical features (water temperature, dissolve oxygen saturation, pH, clearance, salinity, nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon) hydrobiology (zooplankton, phytoplankton, macrobenthos) and survey of bio environment pollution (oil, heavy metal, detergent) executed in lower 10m in different water larger in southern Caspian Sea in 2002-2003. For sampling 8 lines number were vertical on coast that selected from Astra in west to Gomishan in east in southern Caspian Sea basin. The result indicated the average physical factors such as pH were 8.11 and salinity12.12 ppt ,and disolve oxygen6.7 mg/l. Average chemical factors such as NO_2 , NO_3 and NH_4 were 1.2 µg/l, 25.7 µg/l, 13 µg/l respectively.Total nitogen and organic nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen were 690.2 µg/l , 667.6 µg/l , 41.6 µg/l. Average silicat were recrded 266.35 µg/l . Total Phosphorus was observed 37.35 µg/l and average of organic Phosphorus concentration was and 20.25 µg/l .Average of Total organic matter (T.O.M) was 4.98% maximum amount were observed in Lisar and minimum in Nooshahr . Concentration of heavy metal during sampling were respectively ,Fe>Mn>Zn>Cr>Ph>Co>Cd>Cu. Maximum concentration of Fe were determined in winter in Nooshahr and Babolsar respectively 13/3 µg/l 17/1 µg/l. In many stations and different Season, the amount of heavy meta were lower standard of in marine water. The concentration of oil hydrocarborate (PAHs) in autumn was 0/13 ppb and in winter 0/12 ppb. The amount of (PAHs) in Southern Caspian Sea were Lower than other parts of Caspian Sea. The average of detergent concentration (LAS) was 0/036 µg/l that was two fold higher than determined in 2001. Total 107 species of phytoplankton belong to 5 phylum were identified. The numbers of species of phytoplankton groups were respectively, chrysophyta (42 species), cyanophyta (17 species), pyruphyta (17 species), chlorophyta (21 species) and euglenophyta (9 species). The maximum diversity of phytoplankton observed in summer and minimum in autumn. High diversity of chrysophta and cyanophyta observed in summer and phyrophyta and chrlophyta in spring. The composition of phytoplanhkton groups were respectively, chrysophyta (70%), phyrophyta (9%) and chlorophyta (7%) and euglonophyta (1%). Maximum density of phytoplankton was observed in autumn and minimum in winter. Total 19 species of Zooplankton were identified. Maximum diversity was observed in summer and minimum in winter. Zooplankton changes during sampling, showed amount of density of zooplankton in 5m were more than 10 m depths. Total (17 species macrobenthos were identified. The composition of macrobenthos groups were respectively , Annalida (92/7% ) , Bivalvia (2/7%) gumarida (108%) cumacea ( 1/5%) , Balanidae 103% . max . density were observed in Astara and min . in Sefied roud Average of density were 1218 0/851 ind /m^2 and biomass 14 15 g/m^2 High density were recorded in autumn and low density in winter . Correlation of phytoplankton and zooplankton with physicochemical parameter and also relation between total organic matter and sediment grain size were calculated.Ecological indicies (simpson diversity evenns diversity and shanoon-wiever diversity) were calculated for macrobenthos. Data were shown impact of cetenephora (Mnenemiopsis leidyi) on zooplankton and phytoplankton and macrobenthos density

PREVALENCE OF AUTOANTIBODIES TO THYROID PEROXIDASE AND AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASE IN GIRLS WITH TURNER’S SYNDROME

Patients with Turner’s syndrome (TS) are at an increased risk of developing autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD). The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-Tpo) antibodies and ATD in children and adolescent girls with TS. It also assessed the influence of karyotype on the development of thyroid disease. Sixty eight patients with TS were compared with 68 age matched healthy unrelated girls in this study. They were screened for anti-Tpo antibodies, free T4 and TSH levels. Sign and symptoms of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism and the presence of goiter were also investigated. Anti-Tpo antibodies were found in 18 (26.4%) TS patients and 1 (1.4%) patient in the control group (P < 0.001), evenly distributed between the karyotypes 45X, 46X, isoXq and mosaicism. Out of 68 TS patients, 8 (11.7%) had visible goiter. Subclinical hypothyroidism and hypothyroidism both occurred in 2 patients (5.9%). These patients were characterized by higher levels of anti-Tpo antibodies. Visible goiter was found in 3 (4.4%) subjects of the control group, but all of them were euthyroid. We found that younger patients were more likely to be anti-Tpo negative (P < 0.001). Our data demonstrated a high frequency of ATD in a representative sample of Iranian girls with TS which is in accordance with previous observations. Regular follow up assessment of thyroid autoantibodies and thyroid function in patients with TS is recommended for timely diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction and treatment

Prevalence of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus type I

Methods: 128 patients with type I diabetes attending a single pediatric endocrine clinic underwent anthropometric and biochemical assessment. Anthropometric measurements followed WHO criteria. Blood samples were analyzed for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), cholesterol (chol), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL), and blood pressure was recorded. Findings: Patients' mean age was 12.6 ± 4.1 years. Patients' mean age at the onset of diabetes was 7.1 ± 2.8 years. Mean duration of diabetes was 6.9 ± 3.2 years. 48.5% of patients had some form of dyslipidemia. 21.4% had isolated hypertriglyceridemia, 11.6% isolated hypercholesterolemia and 15.5% mixed hyperlipidemia. Factors associated with dyslipidemia included longer duration of diabetes, higher mean age, higher mean HbA1C (p 0.001). Hypertriglyceridemia was more frequent in female patients and subjects with higher BMI (p<0.05). The mean value of TG 199.9 ± 74.1 mg/dl, TC 178.5 ± 29 mg/dl and LDL 141.2± 37 were significantly higher in patients with poor metabolic control (mean value of HbA1C 9.3 ± 1.8) than the diabetic patients with better control (mean value of HbA1C 7.1 ± 0.77), TG 156.8 ± 55.9 mg/dl; TC 143.5 ± 37.6 mg/dl and LDL 108± 21.2. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that type I diabetic patients with poor metabolic control are at higher risk of developing dyslipidemia. However, given the well documented problems of lifestyle regulation and compliance in optimizing control especially in this age group, we need to develop alternative and simple interventional strategies to improve outcome. Monitoring of lipids should be extended and yearly screening of patients for dyslipidemia recommended

How Does Pricing of Day-ahead Electricity Market Affect Put Option Pricing?

In this paper, impacts of day-ahead market pricing on behavior of producers and consumers in option and day-ahead markets and on option pricing are studied. To this end, two comprehensive equilibrium models for joint put option and day-ahead markets under pay-as-bid and uniform pricing in day-ahead market are presented, respectively. Interaction between put option and day-ahead markets, uncertainty in fuel price, day-ahead market pricing, and elasticity of consumers to strike price, premium price, and day-ahead price are taken into account in these models. By applying the presented models to a test system impact of day-ahead market pricing on equilibrium of joint put option and day-ahead markets are studied

N‌U‌M‌E‌R‌I‌C‌A‌L A‌N‌D E‌X‌P‌E‌R‌I‌M‌E‌N‌T‌A‌L C‌O‌M‌P‌A‌R‌I‌S‌O‌N‌S O‌F D‌I‌F‌F‌E‌R‌E‌N‌T B‌E‌H‌A‌V‌I‌O‌R S‌H‌A‌P‌E‌S O‌F F‌O‌L‌D‌E‌D P‌L‌A‌T‌E S‌H‌E‌L‌L F‌O‌U‌N‌D‌A‌T‌I‌O‌N O‌N S‌A‌N‌D‌Y S‌O‌I‌L

U‌s‌e o‌f s‌h‌e‌l‌l‌s i‌n f‌o‌u‌n‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s c‌a‌n b‌e e‌c‌o‌n‌o‌m‌i‌c‌a‌l‌l‌y b‌e‌n‌e‌f‌i‌c‌i‌a‌l d‌u‌e t‌o t‌h‌e i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e i‌n t‌h‌e c‌o‌l‌u‌m‌n‌a‌r l‌o‌a‌d a‌n‌d d‌e‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e i‌n s‌o‌i‌l a‌l‌l‌o‌w‌a‌b‌l‌e s‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s. S‌h‌e‌l‌l f‌o‌u‌n‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n w‌o‌u‌l‌d b‌e, t‌h‌e‌r‌e‌f‌o‌r‌e, a p‌r‌o‌p‌e‌r a‌l‌t‌e‌r‌n‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e t‌o t‌h‌e s‌h‌a‌l‌l‌o‌w f‌o‌o‌t‌i‌n‌g‌s i‌n s‌o‌i‌l‌s w‌i‌t‌h l‌o‌w a‌l‌l‌o‌w‌a‌b‌l‌e s‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s m‌a‌g‌n‌i‌t‌u‌d‌e. S‌h‌e‌l‌l f‌o‌u‌n‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s a‌r‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌e‌r p‌a‌t‌t‌e‌r‌n‌s w‌i‌t‌h o‌p‌t‌i‌m‌a‌l d‌e‌s‌i‌g‌n t‌o o‌b‌t‌a‌i‌n h‌i‌g‌h‌e‌r b‌e‌a‌r‌i‌n‌g c‌a‌p‌a‌c‌i‌t‌y. S‌h‌e‌l‌l f‌o‌u‌n‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s e‌n‌j‌o‌y a l‌a‌r‌g‌e‌r a‌r‌e‌a o‌f c‌o‌n‌t‌a‌c‌t w‌i‌t‌h s‌o‌i‌l d‌u‌e t‌o t‌h‌e‌i‌r g‌e‌o‌m‌e‌t‌r‌y. S‌h‌e‌l‌l f‌o‌o‌t‌i‌n‌g‌s a‌r‌e c‌a‌p‌a‌b‌l‌e o‌f c‌a‌r‌r‌y‌i‌n‌g a l‌a‌r‌g‌e‌r l‌o‌a‌d t‌h‌r‌o‌u‌g‌h m‌o‌r‌e a‌r‌e‌a c‌o‌n‌t‌a‌c‌t w‌i‌t‌h t‌h‌e s‌o‌i‌l. I‌n t‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r, t‌h‌e e‌l‌a‌s‌t‌o-p‌l‌a‌s‌t‌i‌c b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r o‌f t‌h‌e s‌a‌n‌d‌y s‌o‌i‌l, l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌e‌d u‌n‌d‌e‌r s‌o‌m‌e s‌h‌a‌p‌e o‌f f‌o‌l‌d‌e‌d p‌l‌a‌t‌e s‌h‌e‌l‌l s‌t‌r‌i‌p f‌o‌u‌n‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n, i‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌i‌e‌d. T‌h‌e D‌r‌u‌c‌k‌e‌r P‌r‌a‌g‌e‌r t‌h‌e‌o‌r‌y a‌n‌d e‌x‌p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t‌a‌l r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s a‌r‌e u‌s‌e‌d i‌n t‌h‌i‌s a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s. F‌o‌u‌r g‌e‌o‌m‌e‌t‌r‌i‌c‌a‌l m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌s (A, B, C a‌n‌d D m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌s) o‌f s‌h‌e‌l‌l f‌o‌u‌n‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n w‌i‌t‌h d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t d‌e‌p‌t‌h‌s a‌r‌e l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌e‌d i‌n s‌a‌n‌d w‌i‌t‌h d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t d‌e‌n‌s‌i‌t‌i‌e‌s (l‌o‌o‌s‌e a‌n‌d d‌e‌n‌s‌e s‌a‌n‌d‌s). T‌h‌e e‌x‌p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌s‌s i‌n‌c‌l‌u‌d‌e‌s f‌o‌u‌n‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌n‌s‌t‌a‌l‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌v‌e‌r t‌h‌e s‌o‌i‌l s‌u‌r‌f‌a‌c‌e a‌n‌d e‌m‌b‌e‌d‌d‌e‌d 50-100\% o‌f t‌h‌e f‌o‌u‌n‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n w‌i‌d‌t‌h. A‌l‌s‌o, t‌o c‌a‌r‌r‌y o‌u‌t a p‌e‌r‌f‌e‌c‌t a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s o‌f f‌o‌u‌n‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s, a p‌o‌w‌e‌r‌f‌u‌l t‌h‌r‌e‌e- d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌s‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l f‌i‌n‌i‌t‌e e‌l‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t p‌r‌o‌g‌r‌a‌m (A‌B‌A‌Q‌U‌S 6.9-1) w‌a‌s u‌s‌e‌d. T‌h‌i‌s i‌n‌v‌e‌s‌t‌i‌g‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n s‌h‌o‌w‌s t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e p‌r‌e‌d‌i‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s m‌a‌d‌e b‌y t‌h‌e d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌e‌d m‌o‌d‌e‌l a‌r‌e f‌o‌u‌n‌d t‌o b‌e i‌n g‌o‌o‌d a‌g‌r‌e‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t w‌i‌t‌h t‌h‌o‌s‌e o‌f e‌x‌p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t‌a‌l d‌a‌t‌a o‌b‌t‌a‌i‌n‌e‌d f‌r‌o‌m l‌a‌b‌o‌r‌a‌t‌o‌r‌y.R‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s o‌f t‌h‌e‌s‌e a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌e‌s a‌r‌e c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌e‌d w‌i‌t‌h t‌h‌e s‌a‌m‌e w‌i‌d‌t‌h i‌n s‌t‌r‌i‌p f‌o‌u‌n‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n (m‌o‌d‌e‌l E). T‌h‌i‌s i‌n‌v‌e‌s‌t‌i‌g‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n s‌h‌o‌w‌s t‌h‌a‌t u‌s‌i‌n‌g (D) m‌o‌d‌e‌l o‌f f‌o‌l‌d‌e‌d p‌l‌a‌t‌e s‌h‌e‌l‌l f‌o‌u‌n‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s i‌s p‌r‌e‌f‌e‌r‌a‌b‌l‌e t‌o t‌h‌e c‌o‌m‌m‌o‌n s‌t‌r‌i‌p f‌o‌o‌t‌i‌n‌g‌s a‌n‌d o‌t‌h‌e‌r f‌o‌l‌d‌e‌d p‌l‌a‌t‌e m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌s. T‌h‌e c‌o‌n‌t‌a‌c‌t s‌o‌i‌l s‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s‌e‌s a‌d‌j‌a‌c‌e‌n‌t t‌o t‌h‌e s‌h‌e‌l‌l a‌r‌e n‌o‌n-u‌n‌i‌f‌o‌r‌m. I‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e f‌o‌u‌n‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n d‌e‌p‌t‌h o‌f e‌m‌b‌e‌d‌m‌e‌n‌t a‌n‌d d‌e‌n‌s‌i‌t‌y, l‌e‌a‌d‌s t‌o t‌h‌e i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e i‌n t‌h‌e b‌e‌a‌r‌i‌n‌g c‌a‌p‌a‌c‌i‌t‌y o‌f f‌o‌u‌n‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s. T‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌f i‌m‌p‌r‌o‌v‌i‌n‌g s‌a‌n‌d g‌e‌o‌t‌e‌c‌h‌n‌i‌c‌a‌l p‌r‌o‌p‌e‌r‌t‌i‌e‌s o‌n b‌e‌a‌r‌i‌n‌g c‌a‌p‌a‌c‌i‌t‌y i‌s m‌o‌r‌e t‌h‌a‌n c‌h‌a‌n‌g‌e‌s i‌n s‌h‌e‌l‌l‌s p‌a‌t‌t‌e‌r‌n‌s. T‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s s‌h‌o‌w t‌h‌a‌t b‌e‌a‌r‌i‌n‌g c‌a‌p‌a‌c‌i‌t‌y i‌s 2.5 t‌o 4.8 t‌i‌m‌e‌s m‌o‌r‌e i‌n d‌e‌n‌s‌e s‌a‌n‌d i‌n c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌i‌s‌o‌n w‌i‌t‌h t‌h‌e l‌o‌o‌s‌e o‌n‌e. T‌h‌e m‌a‌x‌i‌m‌u‌m i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e i‌n b‌e‌a‌r‌i‌n‌g c‌a‌p‌a‌c‌i‌t‌y f‌o‌r d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t s‌h‌a‌p‌e‌s o‌f s‌h‌e‌l‌l f‌o‌u‌n‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s i‌s a‌b‌o‌u‌t 72 p‌e‌r‌c‌e‌n‌t

Prevalence of hyperuricemia in children with leukemia and lymphoma with respect to prophylactic treatment

Background: Hyperuricemia is one of the oncologic emergency that occurs most often in patients with hematologic disorders particularly leukemia and high-grade lymphoma. This study was conducted in order to determine the prevalence of hyperuricemia with respect to prophylactic treatment (in particular allopurinol) in patients with lymphoproliferative disease in the pediatric hematologic ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 316 children (75 females, 241 males) under the age of 12 years participated. Among the subjects, 66 patients (20.9%) had lymphoma and 250 patients (79.1%) had leukemia. Results: Of the 56 (17.7%) patients diagnosed with hyperuricemia, 13 with lymphoma (19.7%) and 43 (17.2%) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 52 patients showed hyperuricemia after induction of chemotherapy (p&lt;0.001). Hyperuricemia was more prevalent in patients with more advanced disease (50.9% in stage IV, p&lt;0.001). Hyperuricemia was more frequent in male patients (p&lt;0.001). Among the 217 patients who had received prophylaxis (hydration, alkalization, allopurinol), 19 (8.7%) subjects had hyperuricemia compare to 37.3% in the group of patients who did not receive prophylactic treatment (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: From the literature reviewed, a recombinant form of the urate oxidase enzyme (rasburicase) is a safe and effective alternative to allopurinol to rapidly control plasma uric acid concentrations in patients with hematologic malignancy at high risk for tumor lysis during induction of chemotherapy. In this respect, we recommend a prospective study to compare allopurinol and rasburicase in children with leukemia and lymphoma