'It's a Form of Freedom': The experiences of people with disabilities within equestrian sport

This paper explores the embodied, gendered experiences of disabled horse‐riders. Drawing on data from five in‐depth interviews with paradressage riders, the ways in which their involvement in elite disability sport impacts upon their sense of identity and confidence are explored, as well as the considerable health and social benefits that this involvement brings. Social models of disability are employed and the shortcomings of such models, when applied to disability sport, are highlighted. The data presented here demonstrates the necessity of seeing disability sport as an embodied experience and acknowledging the importance of impairment to the experiences of disabled athletes. Living within an impaired body is also a gendered experience and the implications of this when applied to elite disability sport are considered

Galaxy formation in the Planck cosmology - II. Star-formation histories and post-processing magnitude reconstruction

We adapt the L-Galaxies semi-analytic model to follow the star-formation histories (SFH) of galaxies -- by which we mean a record of the formation time and metallicities of the stars that are present in each galaxy at a given time. We use these to construct stellar spectra in post-processing, which offers large efficiency savings and allows user-defined spectral bands and dust models to be applied to data stored in the Millennium data repository. We contrast model SFHs from the Millennium Simulation with observed ones from the VESPA algorithm as applied to the SDSS-7 catalogue. The overall agreement is good, with both simulated and SDSS galaxies showing a steeper SFH with increased stellar mass. The SFHs of blue and red galaxies, however, show poor agreement between data and simulations, which may indicate that the termination of star formation is too abrupt in the models. The mean star-formation rate (SFR) of model galaxies is well-defined and is accurately modelled by a double power law at all redshifts: SFR proportional to $1/(x^{-1.39}+x^{1.33})$, where $x=(t_a-t)/3.0\,$Gyr, $t$ is the age of the stars and $t_a$ is the loopback time to the onset of galaxy formation; above a redshift of unity, this is well approximated by a gamma function: SFR proportional to $x^{1.5}e^{-x}$, where $x=(t_a-t)/2.0\,$Gyr. Individual galaxies, however, show a wide dispersion about this mean. When split by mass, the SFR peaks earlier for high-mass galaxies than for lower-mass ones, and we interpret this downsizing as a mass-dependence in the evolution of the quenched fraction: the SFHs of star-forming galaxies show only a weak mass dependence.Comment: Accepted version of the paper, to appear in MNRAS. Compared to the original version, contains more detail on the post-processing of magnitudes, including a table of rms magnitude errors. SFHs available on Millennium database http://gavo.mpa-garching.mpg.de/MyMillennium

American Pygmy Shrew, Sorex hoyi, Consumed by an Arctic Grayling, Thymallus arcticus

Arctic Grayling, Thymallus arcticus, are rarely reported to consume small mammals. We report an American Pygmy Shrew, Sorex hoyi, consumed by an Arctic Grayling caught in southern Yukon, Canada. This is the first record of an American Pygmy Shrew being consumed by an Arctic Grayling, and it confirms that Arctic Grayling will consume shrews (Sorex spp.) when they are available. We suspect that the body size of prey is a limiting factor in Arctic Grayling consuming small mammals, with some species of shrews being small enough for Arctic Grayling to consume

Tuning magnetocrystalline anisotropy of Fe3_{3}Sn by alloying

The electronic structure, magnetic properties and phase formation of hexagonal ferromagnetic Fe$_{3}$Sn-based alloys have been studied from first principles and by experiment. The pristine Fe$_{3}$Sn compound is known to fulfill all the requirements for a good permanent magnet, except for the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE). The latter is large, but planar, i.e. the easy magnetization axis is not along the hexagonal c direction, whereas a good permanent magnet requires the MAE to be uniaxial. Here we consider Fe$_{3}$Sn$_{0.75}$M$_{0.25}$, where M= Si, P, Ga, Ge, As, Se, In, Sb, Te and Bi, and show how different dopants on the Sn sublattice affect the MAE and can alter it from planar to uniaxial. The stability of the doped Fe$_{3}$Sn phases is elucidated theoretically via the calculations of their formation enthalpies. A micromagnetic model is developed in order to estimate the energy density product (BH)max and coercive field $\mu_{0}$H$_{c}$ of a potential magnet made of Fe$_{3}$Sn$_{0.75}$Sb$_{0.25}$, the most promising candidate from theoretical studies. The phase stability and magnetic properties of the Fe$_{3}$Sn compound doped with Sb and Mn has been checked experimentally on the samples synthesised using the reactive crucible melting technique as well as by solid state reaction. The Fe$_{3}$Sn-Sb compound is found to be stable when alloyed with Mn. It is shown that even small structural changes, such as a change of the c/a ratio or volume, that can be induced by, e.g., alloying with Mn, can influence anisotropy and reverse it from planar to uniaxial and back

The distribution of impactor core material during large impacts on Earth-like planets

Large impacts onto young rocky planets may transform their compositions, creating highly reducing conditions at their surfaces and reintroducing highly siderophile metals to their mantles. Key to these processes is the availability of an impactor's chemically reduced core material (metallic iron). It is, therefore, important to constrain how much of an impactor's core remains accessible to a planet's mantle/surface, how much is sequestered to its core, and how much escapes. Here, we present 3D simulations of such impact scenarios using the shock physics code iSALE to determine the fate of impactor iron. iSALE's inclusion of material strength is vital in capturing the behavior of both solid and fluid components of the planet and thus characterizing iron sequestration to the core. We find that the mass fractions of impactor core material that accretes to the planet core ($f_{core}$) or escapes ($f_{esc}$) can be readily parameterized as a function of a modified specific impact energy, with $f_{core} > f_{esc}$ for a wide set of impacts. These results differ from previous works that do not incorporate material strength. Our work shows that large impacts can place substantial reducing impactor core material in the mantles of young rocky planets. Impact-generated reducing atmospheres may thus be common for such worlds. However, through escape and sequestration to a planet's core, large fractions of an impactor's core can be geochemically hidden from a planet's mantle. Consequently, geochemical estimates of late bombardments of planets based on mantle siderophile element abundances may be underestimates.Comment: Submitted July 25, 2023; Revised October 26, 2023; PS

Safety and efficacy of an adaptive bolus calculator for Type 1 diabetes: a randomised control cross over study

Background The Advanced Bolus Calculator for Type 1 Diabetes (ABC4D) is a decision support system employing the artificial intelligence technique of case-based reasoning to adapt and personalise insulin bolus doses. The integrated system comprises a smartphone application and clinical web portal. We aimed to assess safety and efficacy of the ABC4D (intervention) compared to a non-adaptive bolus calculator (control). Methods This was a prospective randomised controlled crossover study. Following a 2-week run-in period, participants were randomised to ABC4D or control for 12 weeks. After a 6-week washout period, participants crossed over for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was difference in percentage (%) time in range (TIR) (3.9-10.0 mmol/L (70-180mg/dL)) change during the daytime (07:00-22:00) between groups. Results 37 adults with type 1 diabetes on multiple daily injections of insulin were randomised, median (IQR) age 44.7 (28.2-55.2) years, diabetes duration 15.0 (9.5-29.0) years, HbA1C 61.0 (58.0-67.0) mmol/mol (7.7 (7.5-8.3)%). Data from 33 participants were analysed. There was no significant difference in daytime %TIR change with ABC4D compared to control (median (IQR) +0.1 (-2.6 to + 4.0)% versus +1.9 (-3.8 to + 10.1)%; p = 0.53). Participants accepted fewer meal dose recommendations in the intervention compared to control (78.7 (55.8-97.6)% versus 93.5 (73.8-100)%; p = 0.009) with a greater reduction in insulin dosage from that recommended. Conclusion The ABC4D is safe for adapting insulin bolus doses and provided the same level of glycaemic control as the non-adaptive bolus calculator. Results suggest that participants did not follow ABC4D recommendations as frequently as control, impacting its effectiveness