COOPERATIVA DE CRÉDITO versus BANCOS: UMA ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DE CUSTO E INVESTIMENTOS EM CRÉDITO RURAL

O produtor de café para manter sua propriedade, muitas vezes necessita de recursos financeiros para fazer frente aos custos de suas lavouras e fazer os investimentos necessários ao bom andamento de sua empresa. Para isso ele tem entre as alternativas buscar estes recursos junto aos bancos, sendo o Banco do Brasil S/A uma opção. Outra opção bastante procurada pelos produtores rurais da região de São Gotardo, é se associar a Cooperativa de  Crédito de Livre Adesão do Alto Paranaíba. Nas duas opções ele certamente encontrará créditos disponíveis para atender suas necessidades. Porém este estudo verificou, entre estas duas hipóteses, qual seria a mais vantajosa ao produtor. Para isso analisou-se a distribuição de dividendos mais o pagamento de juros sobre o capital próprio pagos pelo Banco do Brasil S/A, comparando este total com o valor das ações ordinárias do mesmo banco, comparando estes com a variação da taxa Selic. E do lado da cooperativa foi comparado a distribuição das sobras e o crescimento da conta de capital social, com a variação da taxa Selic. Foi apurado que a escolha de associar-se a uma cooperativa, levou o produtor a conseguir melhores ganhos financeiros na valorização de seu capital quando comparados ao que ele poderia conseguir no Banco do Brasil S/A

SARS-CoV-2 uses CD4 to infect T helper lymphocytes

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the agent of a major global outbreak of respiratory tract disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infects mainly lungs and may cause several immune-related complications, such as lymphocytopenia and cytokine storm, which are associated with the severity of the disease and predict mortality. The mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in immune system dysfunction is still not fully understood. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infects human CD4+ T helper cells, but not CD8+ T cells, and is present in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage T helper cells of severe COVID-19 patients. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S) directly binds to the CD4 molecule, which in turn mediates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in T helper cells. This leads to impaired CD4 T cell function and may cause cell death. SARS-CoV-2-infected T helper cells express higher levels of IL-10, which is associated with viral persistence and disease severity. Thus, CD4-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of T helper cells may contribute to a poor immune response in COVID-19 patients.</p

SARS-CoV-2 uses CD4 to infect T helper lymphocytes

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the agent of a major global outbreak of respiratory tract disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infects mainly lungs and may cause several immune-related complications, such as lymphocytopenia and cytokine storm, which are associated with the severity of the disease and predict mortality. The mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in immune system dysfunction is still not fully understood. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infects human CD4+ T helper cells, but not CD8+ T cells, and is present in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage T helper cells of severe COVID-19 patients. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S) directly binds to the CD4 molecule, which in turn mediates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in T helper cells. This leads to impaired CD4 T cell function and may cause cell death. SARS-CoV-2-infected T helper cells express higher levels of IL-10, which is associated with viral persistence and disease severity. Thus, CD4-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of T helper cells may contribute to a poor immune response in COVID-19 patients.</p