Tuberculosis, SIDA y co-infección SIDA-tuberculosis en una gran ciudad

This study aimed to analyze the incidence of tuberculosis (TB), AIDS and tuberculosis-AIDS co-infection in the municipality of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in the period 2001 - 2009. A historical trend study, it uses secondary data from the Tuberculosis Surveillance Database of the University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and the São Paulo State STD-AIDS Center of Excellence and Training. It included new cases of TB, AIDS, and of tuberculosis-AIDS reported in the municipality of Campinas. A decrease in cases of TB until 2007 was observed, with an increase in 2008 and 2009. There was a general reduction in AIDS from 2007, but with an increase among men aged 60 or over, in the years 2007 to 2009. For tuberculosis-AIDS co-infection, the tendency was to reduce. The proportion of HIV tests not undertaken, among patients with tuberculosis, was high (27.5%). This scenario shows the need for integration of the databanks into the planning and control activities.Este estudo objetivou analisar as incidências da tuberculose (TB), AIDS e coinfecção TB-AIDS no município de Campinas, SP, Brasil no período de 2001 a 2009. Trata-se de estudo de tendência histórica, em que se utilizaram dados secundários do Banco de Dados em Vigilância da Tuberculose-Unicamp e do Centro de Referência e Treinamento DST-AIDS do Estado de São Paulo. Foram incluídos casos novos de TB, de AIDS e da coinfecção TB-AIDS notificados pelo município de Campinas. Observou-se decréscimo dos casos de TB até 2007, com aumento em 2008 e 2009. Na AIDS ocorreu redução geral a partir de 2007, mas com aumento entre os homens com 60 anos e mais, entre os anos 2007 e 2009. Para a coinfecção TB-AIDS, a tendência foi de redução. A proporção de testes anti-HIV não realizados, entre pacientes com tuberculose, foi elevada (27,5%). Esse cenário revela a necessidade de integração dos bancos de dados nas atividades de planejamento e controle.Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la incidencia de tuberculosis (TBC), SIDA y el co-infección SIDA-TB en Campinas-SP-Brasil, 2001-2009. Se trata de un estudio de la tendencia histórica con datos de la Base de Datos de Monitoreo de TBC-UNICAMP y del sitio web del Centro de Referencia en SIDA de São Paulo. Se incluyeron los casos nuevos de TBC, SIDA y co-infección SIDA-TBC registrados a cada año en Campinas. Se observó disminución de casos de tuberculosis en 2007, con aumento en 2008-2009. El SIDA se produjo en la reducción global a partir de 2007, pero aumentan entre los hombres mayores de 60 años, en los años 2007-2009. Para la co-infección TB-VIH la tendencia de reducción. La proporción de exámenes VIH no realizados en pacientes con TBC fue alta (27,5%). Este escenario pone de manifiesto la necesidad de integración de las bases de datos de TBC y SIDA para las actividades de planificación y control

[characterization Of Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis During Pregnancy In Campinas, State Of São Paulo, Brazil, From 1995 To 2007].

There was a follow-up of pregnant women treated for multidrug-resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) during pregnancy in Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil, from 1995 to 2007. In a retrospective study, patients with tuberculosis who were resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin and had pregnancy at any time during the treatment were included. The cases were individually treated, considering drug susceptibility test results and patients' prior treatments. Seven cases presented resistance to two or more drugs. Three were already pregnant before the beginning of the treatment, and four conceived after. Two were with AIDS; one died, and the therapeutic program in the other one failed. All showed advanced tuberculosis with acute radiological findings, and the median sputum conversion time for five patients was four months. Two patients were cured. Two newborn babies were infected with HIV by their mothers. The outcome was unsatisfactory, and direct supervision is imperative in MDR-TB during pregnancy. The family planning program should be strongly recommended.44627-3

Perfil de mortalidade de pacientes com tuberculose relacionada à comorbidade tuberculose-Aids

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the profile of deaths among tuberculosis patients in Campinas, Brazil, between 1993 and 2000, describing TB-AIDS co-infection and the underlying cause of death in the annual cohorts grouped in two periods 1993-1996 and 1997-2000. METHODS: A descriptive study of deaths was conducted among patients in Campinas, Brazil, who were being treated for tuberculosis and those reported as having TB after death. Data from the local Tuberculosis Registry and the Mortality Registry were used. Statistical analyses were performed using Epi Info version 6. Deaths were grouped in two periods (1993-1996 and 1997-2000) and then compared. RESULTS: Of a total of 4,680 patients, there were 737 deaths. The fatality rate was 18.1% in the period 1993-1996 and 13.5% in 1997-2000. After death reporting for patients without treatment was seen in 78 deaths (10.6%). In both periods, there was a prevalence of male deaths (71.3%). TB-AIDS co-infection was found in 55% of deaths and their median age was 30-39 years while the median age was 50-59 years in those without AIDS. Those who were never treated for tuberculosis corresponded to 81.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The most important finding was the significant reduction of deaths from 1997 onward that can be related to the introduction of AIDS antiretroviral therapy (HAART).OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil dos óbitos entre pacientes com tuberculose, e descrever a co-infecção tuberculose-Aids e a causa básica de morte nas coortes anuais. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo descritivo dos indivíduos residentes na cidade de Campinas, SP, que foram a óbito durante o tratamento para tuberculose e também dos pacientes notificados após o óbito, mesmo sem ter iniciado o tratamento. As informações foram obtidas do Banco de Dados em Tuberculose /Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) e do Banco de Óbitos da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde/Unicamp. Para análise estatística utilizou-se o software Epi Info versão 6. Os óbitos foram agrupados em dois períodos (1993-1996 e 1997-2000) e as proporções, comparadas. RESULTADOS: Foram notificados 4.680 pacientes, totalizando 737 óbitos, com coeficiente de letalidade de 18,1%, de 1993 a 1996, e 13,5%, de 1997 a 2000. Em 78 óbitos (10,6%) a notificação foi no post mortem e não chegou a ser instituído tratamento específico. Verificou-se predomínio do sexo masculino (71,3%) nos dois períodos estudados. A comorbidade tuberculose-Aids esteve presente em 55% dos óbitos. O perfil etário diferiu segundo a presença ou não da Aids: em ambos os períodos, a mediana da idade nos óbitos com Aids esteve na faixa de 30 a 39 e entre 50 e 59 naqueles sem Aids. Os pacientes que nunca haviam sido tratados de tuberculose representaram 81,3% CONCLUSÕES: Destaca-se entre os achados a marcante redução do número de óbitos, a partir de 1997, que pode estar relacionada com a utilização da terapia anti-retroviral (HAART) para Aids

[differences In Mortality Profile Of Tuberculosis Patients Related To Tuberculosis-aids Co-morbidity].

To analyze the profile of deaths among tuberculosis patients in Campinas, Brazil, between 1993 and 2000, describing TB-AIDS co-infection and the underlying cause of death in the annual cohorts grouped in two periods 1993-1996 and 1997-2000. A descriptive study of deaths was conducted among patients in Campinas, Brazil, who were being treated for tuberculosis and those reported as having TB after death. Data from the local Tuberculosis Registry and the Mortality Registry were used. Statistical analyses were performed using Epi Info version 6. Deaths were grouped in two periods (1993-1996 and 1997-2000) and then compared. Of a total of 4,680 patients, there were 737 deaths. The fatality rate was 18.1% in the period 1993-1996 and 13.5% in 1997-2000. After death reporting for patients without treatment was seen in 78 deaths (10.6%). In both periods, there was a prevalence of male deaths (71.3%). TB-AIDS co-infection was found in 55% of deaths and their median age was 30-39 years while the median age was 50-59 years in those without AIDS. Those who were never treated for tuberculosis corresponded to 81.9%. The most important finding was the significant reduction of deaths from 1997 onward that can be related to the introduction of AIDS antiretroviral therapy (HAART).38503-1

Alcohol-dependence mortality in Brazil: 1998 - 2002

Official statistics were used to analyze mortality rates, from alcohol dependence in Brazil (1998-2002), defined by ICD-10 code F10, from alcohol dependence in Brazil (1998-2002). Male and female mortality rates amounted to 0.8 (4580) and 0.1% (515) respectively, of all deaths. These values corresponded to 83.3% of deaths from mental disorders in men and 34.8% in women. Mean male annual mortality rate in 1998-2002 reached 5.8 deaths/100,000 males. There were differences between ages brackets existed, 45-54-year old men (16.0 deaths/100,000 males) were the most affected. Even though the Brazilian mortality rate is lower than the Canadian one, wonen die younges, 46% of cases among 15-44-year old females. The south-eastern region had the highest male mortality rate in 1998-2002 (6.6 deaths/100,000 men). Underestimation factors of above data are acknowledged. Since mortality rates by alcohol are avoidable, young men from the southeastern region should be a priority target for health promotion and recovery programs.Para analisar a mortalidade por dependência de álcool no Brasil (1998-2002) utilizando-se a causa básica de morte das estatísticas oficias, consideraram-se os óbitos decorrentes de transtornos mentais e comportamentais devidos ao uso de álcool (F10) da Classificação Internacional de Doenças CID-10. Em 2002 ocorreram 4580 óbitos masculinos e 515 femininos por dependência de álcool, correspondendo a 0,8% das mortes masculinas e 0,1% das femininas. Esses valores representaram 83,3% dos óbitos por distúrbios mentais nos homens e 34,8% nas mulheres. O coeficiente médio anual no período 1998-2002 foi de 5,8 óbitos/100.000 homens, com variações por faixa etária, sendo maior entre os de 45 a 54 anos (16,0 óbitos/100.000 homens). Comparando-se o Brasil com o Canadá, essa mortalidade, embora inferior, especialmente nas mulheres, é muito mais precoce; 46% dos casos ocorreram entre 15 e 44 anos. A Região Sudeste apresentou a maior taxa de mortalidade masculina (6,6 óbitos/100.000 homens). Apontam-se os fatores de subestimação da mortalidade neste estudo. Trata-se de óbitos evitáveis e os homens jovens na Região Sudeste são o grupo prioritário na promoção da saúde e programas de recuperação.Para analizar la mortalidad por dependencia de alcohol en el Brasil (1998-2002), utilizándose la causa básica de muerte de las estadísticas oficiales, se consideraron las muertes decurrentes de trastornos mentales y de comportamiento debidos al uso de alcohol (F10) de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades CID-10. En 2002 ocurrieron 4580 muertes masculinas y 515 femeninos por dependencia de alcohol, correspondiendo al 0,8% de las muertes masculinas y al 0,1% de las femeninas. Esos valores representan el 83,3% de las muertes por disturbios mentales en los hombres y el 34,8% en las mujeres. El coeficiente medio anual en el período 1998-2002 fue el de 5,8 muertes/100.000 hombres, con variaciones por gurpo de edad, siendo mayor entre los de 45 a 54 años (16,0 óbitos/100.000 hombres). Comparándose Brasil con Canadá, esa mortalidad, aunque inferior, especialmente en las mujeres, es mucho más precoz; el 46% de los casos ocurren entre 15 y 44 años. La Región Sureste presentó la mayor tasa de mortalidad masculina (6,6 óbitos/100.000 hombres). Se apuntan los factores de subestimación de la mortalidad en este estudio. Se trata de óbitos evitables, y los hombres jóvenes en la Región Sureste son el grupo prioritario en la promoción de salud y programas de recuperación.11512

Differences in mortality profile of tuberculosis patients related to tuberculosis-Aids co-morbidity

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the profile of deaths among tuberculosis patients in Campinas, Brazil, between 1993 and 2000, describing TB-AIDS co-infection and the underlying cause of death in the annual cohorts grouped in two periods 1993-1996 and 1997-2000. METHODS: A descriptive study of deaths was conducted among patients in Campinas, Brazil, who were being treated for tuberculosis and those reported as having TB after death. Data from the local Tuberculosis Registry and the Mortality Registry were used. Statistical analyses were performed using Epi Info version 6. Deaths were grouped in two periods (1993-1996 and 1997-2000) and then compared. RESULTS: Of a total of 4,680 patients, there were 737 deaths. The fatality rate was 18.1% in the period 1993-1996 and 13.5% in 1997-2000. After death reporting for patients without treatment was seen in 78 deaths (10.6%). In both periods, there was a prevalence of male deaths (71.3%). TB-AIDS co-infection was found in 55% of deaths and their median age was 30-39 years while the median age was 50-59 years in those without AIDS. Those who were never treated for tuberculosis corresponded to 81.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The most important finding was the significant reduction of deaths from 1997 onward that can be related to the introduction of AIDS antiretroviral therapy (HAART).OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil dos óbitos entre pacientes com tuberculose, e descrever a co-infecção tuberculose-Aids e a causa básica de morte nas coortes anuais. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo descritivo dos indivíduos residentes na cidade de Campinas, SP, que foram a óbito durante o tratamento para tuberculose e também dos pacientes notificados após o óbito, mesmo sem ter iniciado o tratamento. As informações foram obtidas do Banco de Dados em Tuberculose /Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) e do Banco de Óbitos da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde/Unicamp. Para análise estatística utilizou-se o software Epi Info versão 6. Os óbitos foram agrupados em dois períodos (1993-1996 e 1997-2000) e as proporções, comparadas. RESULTADOS: Foram notificados 4.680 pacientes, totalizando 737 óbitos, com coeficiente de letalidade de 18,1%, de 1993 a 1996, e 13,5%, de 1997 a 2000. Em 78 óbitos (10,6%) a notificação foi no post mortem e não chegou a ser instituído tratamento específico. Verificou-se predomínio do sexo masculino (71,3%) nos dois períodos estudados. A comorbidade tuberculose-Aids esteve presente em 55% dos óbitos. O perfil etário diferiu segundo a presença ou não da Aids: em ambos os períodos, a mediana da idade nos óbitos com Aids esteve na faixa de 30 a 39 e entre 50 e 59 naqueles sem Aids. Os pacientes que nunca haviam sido tratados de tuberculose representaram 81,3% CONCLUSÕES: Destaca-se entre os achados a marcante redução do número de óbitos, a partir de 1997, que pode estar relacionada com a utilização da terapia anti-retroviral (HAART) para Aids.50351

Prevalência da dependência de álcool e fatores associados em estudo de base populacional

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence and identify associated factors among demographic, family, socioeconomic and mental health variables. METHODS: A household survey was carried out in the urban area of Campinas, southeastern Brazil, in 2003. A total of 515 subjects, aged 14 years or more were randomly selected using a stratified cluster sample. The Self-Report Questionnaire and the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test were used in the interview. Prevalences were calculated, and univariate and multivariate logistic analyses performed by estimating odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence was 13.1% (95% CI: 8.4;19.9) in men and 4.1% (95% CI: 1.9;8.6) in women. In the final multiple logistic regression model, alcohol abuse/dependence was significantly associated with age, income, schooling, religion and illicit drug use. The adjusted odds ratios were significantly higher in following variables: income between 2,501 and 10,000 dollars (OR=10.29); income above 10,000 dollars (OR=10.20); less than 12 years of schooling (OR=13.42); no religion (OR=9.16) or religion other than Evangelical (OR=4.77); and illicit drug use during lifetime (OR=4.47). Alcohol abuse and dependence patterns were different according to age group. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significantly high prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence in this population. The knowledge of factors associated with alcohol abuse, and differences in consumption patterns should be taken into account in the development of harm reduction strategies.OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência do abuso/dependência de álcool e identificar fatores associados entre variáveis demográficas, familiares, socioeconômicas e relativas à saúde mental. MÉTODOS: Inquérito domiciliar na área urbana de Campinas, Estado de São Paulo, realizado em 2003. Indivíduos de 14 anos ou mais de idade (N=515) foram selecionados aleatoriamente, mediante amostragem estratificada por conglomerados e avaliados por entrevista com as escalas Self-Report Questionnaire e o Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. Foram calculadas as prevalências e realizadas análises logísticas uni e multivariada, razões de chance e intervalos de confiança. RESULTADOS: As prevalências estimadas de abuso/dependência de álcool foram 13,1% (IC 95%: 8,4%;19,9%) nos homens e 4,1% (IC 95%: 1,9%;8,6%) nas mulheres. No modelo de regressão logística múltipla final, o abuso/dependência de álcool revelou-se significativamente associado com idade, renda, escolaridade, religião e uso de drogas ilícitas. As categorias que apresentaram as maiores razões de chance ajustadas foram: renda (entre 2.501 e 10.000 dólares, OR=10,29; superior a 10.000 dólares, OR=10,20), escolaridade inferior a 12 anos (OR=13,42), não ter religião (OR=9,16) ou ser de religião que não fosse a evangélica (OR=4,77) e ter usado drogas ilícitas em algum momento da vida (OR=4,47). Os padrões de consumo e de dependência diferenciaram-se segundo o grupo etário. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de uso abusivo/dependência de álcool na população é considerável. O conhecimento dos fatores associados a tal comportamento e das diferenças de padrão de consumo deve ser levado em consideração na elaboração de estratégias de redução do dano

Prevalence Of Alcohol Abuse And Associated Factors In A Population-based Study.

To estimate the prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence and identify associated factors among demographic, family, socioeconomic and mental health variables. A household survey was carried out in the urban area of Campinas, southeastern Brazil, in 2003. A total of 515 subjects, aged 14 years or more were randomly selected using a stratified cluster sample. The Self-Report Questionnaire and the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test were used in the interview. Prevalences were calculated, and univariate and multivariate logistic analyses performed by estimating odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The estimated prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence was 13.1% (95% CI: 8.4;19.9) in men and 4.1% (95% CI: 1.9;8.6) in women. In the final multiple logistic regression model, alcohol abuse/dependence was significantly associated with age, income, schooling, religion and illicit drug use. The adjusted odds ratios were significantly higher in following variables: income between 2,501 and 10,000 dollars (OR=10.29); income above 10,000 dollars (OR=10.20); less than 12 years of schooling (OR=13.42); no religion (OR=9.16) or religion other than Evangelical (OR=4.77); and illicit drug use during lifetime (OR=4.47). Alcohol abuse and dependence patterns were different according to age group. There is a significantly high prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence in this population. The knowledge of factors associated with alcohol abuse, and differences in consumption patterns should be taken into account in the development of harm reduction strategies.41502-

Desigualdade social e transtornos mentais comuns

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between the socioeconomic characteristics of individuals and common mental disorders. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of the urban population, 14 years and older, in Campinas (Brazil) (n = 515) was conducted using a multipurpose instrument that included the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) to assess common mental disorders in the previous 3 months. Weighted prevalence of common mental disorders was calculated for each independent variable. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence was 17% (95% CI 12.8-22.3), 8.9% in males and 24.4% in females. An inverse association was found between common mental disorders and the socioeconomic characteristics (schooling and employment) even after controlling for all the other variables. Higher common mental disorders prevalence was observed in those with less than 5 years of schooling (PR = 5.5) and unemployed or underemployed (PR = 2.0). CONCLUSIONS: As in other studies, common mental disorders were unevenly distributed; it was significantly more frequent in socially disadvantaged individuals. Specific actions to reduce inequalities in the general and mental health system should be studied.OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre características socioeconômicas e transtornos mentais comuns. MÉTODO: Realizou-se um inquérito epidemiológico transversal em uma amostra representativa da população ≥ 14 anos de idade, residente na zona urbana de Campinas (SP), utilizando-se um instrumento que incluiu o Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) para avaliar transtornos mentais comuns nos últimos três meses. A prevalência ponderada de transtornos mentais comuns foi calculada para cada variável independente. Razões de prevalência bruta e ajustada foram estimadas por regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: A prevalência global foi de 17% (95% IC 12,8-22,3), 8,9% em homens e 24,4% em mulheres. Observou-se uma associação inversa entre transtornos mentais comuns e características sócio-econômicas (escolaridade e emprego) mesmo após ajuste. Apresentaram maior prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns os indivíduos com menos de cinco anos de escolaridade (RP = 5,5) e os desempregados ou subempregados (RP = 2,0). CONCLUSÃO: Como em outros estudos, os transtornos mentais comuns estão desigualmente distribuídos, sendo mais freqüentes em indivíduos que se encontram sob pior condição socioeconômica. Deveriam ser desenvolvidas ações que pudessem reduzir as desigualdades em geral e no campo da saúde mental.25025

As dificuldades dos profissionais no atendimento aos pacientes em tratamento para tuberculose na atenção primária

This paper shows the difficulties of professionals in the care of patients under treatment for tuberculosis in primary care. The study is a cross-sectional study with professionals attending to patients in healthcare centers, in 2015, using a self-answered questionnaire. Professionals with and without difficulties were compared using Pearson's chi square and variables with p <0.20 were included in a multiple logistic regression. Results: among the 108 professionals, there was a predominance of female sex, and no differences in the demographic variables were observed. The profile of professionals with difficulties was characterized by: not having taken tuberculosis courses, presenting difficulties concerning DOTS organization, having insufficient smear pots and alerting almost always about the risk of alcohol. The difficulty in the work process is associated with not having taken courses on tuberculosis, which facilitate treatment, especially in relation to the DOTS strategy.Este estudio comproba la dificultad de profesionales para atender a los pacientes que reciben tratamiento para la tuberculosis en la atención primaria. Este estudio es transversal con profesionales de atención a pacientes en centros de salud, en 2015, utilizando un cuestionario auto-respondido. Los profesionales con y sin dificultades se compararon mediante chi cuadrado de Pearson y las variables con p <0,20 se incluyeron en la regresión logística múltiple. De los 108 profesionales, hubo predominio del sexo femenino, y no fueron observadas diferencias en las variables demográficas. El perfil de los profesionales con dificultades se caracterizó por: no haber participado de curso sobre tuberculosis, presentar dificultades en relación con la organización de DOTS, tener insuficientes recipientes para baciloscopia y casi siempre alerta sobre el riesgo del alcohol. La conclusión muestra la dificultad en el proceso de trabajo se asocia a no haber hecho cursos sobre tuberculosis que facilitan el tratamiento, especialmente las actividades de la estrategia DOTS.Este artigo verifica as dificuldades dos profissionais no atendimento aos pacientes em tratamento para tuberculose na atenção primária.Trata de  estudo transversal com os profissionais que assistiam os pacientes em centros de saúde em 2015, utilizando um questionário de autopreenchimento. Os profissionais sem e com dificuldades foram comparados mediante qui quadrado de Pearson e as variáveis com p<0,20 foram incluídas em regressão logística múltipla. Entre os 108 profissionais, houve predomínio do sexo feminino, e não foram observadas diferenças quanto às variáveis demográficas. O perfil dos profissionais com dificuldades caracterizou-se por: não ter participado de curso sobre tuberculose, apresentar dificuldades em relação à organização do DOTS, ter potes de baciloscopia insuficientes e alertar quase sempre quanto ao risco do álcool. Conclusão: a dificuldade no processo de trabalho associa-se a não ter realizado cursos sobre tuberculose, que facilitam o tratamento, principalmente em relação às atividades da estratégia DOTS