Análise estática de contingências do sistema de transmissão de 230 kV do Acre/Rondônia

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade UnB Gama, Engenharia Eletrônica, 2019.Os estudos de ampliações e reforços do sistema elétrico têm como objetivo principal adequar a cronologia do planejamento aos condicionantes de curto, médio e longo prazo. No início de 2018, a previsão estimada do aumento do consumo de eletricidade no Brasil foi na ordem de 3,1 % do consumo total do Sistema Interligado Nacional, relativo a 2017 (EPE, 2018), especificamente com o início da entrada em operação das Usinas Hidrelétrica (UHE) Jirau e Santo Antônio, no estado de Rondônia, a geração de energia elétrica em operação na região ultrapassou 7 GW. Para tanto os estudos de fluxo de potência em regime permanente desempenham um papel fundamental na operação e no planejamento da expansão de sistemas elétricos de potência, pois permitem determinar o estado de operação do sistema a partir de uma dada topologia e condição de carga. A ferramenta base destes estudos é o cálculo do Fluxo de Carga, do qual a solução é utilizada em muitas ferramentas computacionais, entre elas a Análise de Contingência. Em posse das considerações gerais e o diagnostico de desempenho do sistema sob o ponto de vista de atendimento à critérios e padrões, e diante das condições de operação do sistema da rede básica do estado do Acre e Rondônia, da qual possui muita geração disponível na UHE Santo Antônio, setor de 230 kV e na exportação de energia pelas conversoras Back-to-Back da Subestação Elétrica (SE) Coletora Porto Velho, faz necessário estudo da área para determinação da confiabilidade da operação desse setor de 230 kV, bem como buscar mitigar as restrições e limites, visto as contingências de linha de transmissão da região. Neste trabalho, foi realizada a avaliação do grau de segurança estática da operação citada, e, para tal avaliação, as ferramentas de cálculo de fluxo de carga e análise de contingências, foram amplamente utilizadas, buscando maior escoamento da geração interna da área Acre e Rondônia.The studies of extensions and reinforcements of the electrical system have as main objective to adapt the chronology of the planning to the determinants of short, medium and long term. At the beginning of 2018, the forecast of the increase of the electricity consumption in Brazil was in the order of 3.1% of the total consumption of the National Interconnected System, related to 2017 (EPE, 2018), specifically with the start of the operation of the UHEs Jirau and Santo Antônio, in the state of Rondônia, electric power generation in operation in the region exceeded 7 GW. For this purpose, the steady-state power flow studies have a fundamental role in the operation and planning of the expansion of electric power systems, since they allow to determine the state of operation of the system from a given topology and load condition. The basic tool of these studies is the calculation of the Load Flow, of which the solution is used in many computational tools, among them the Contingency Analysis. In the light of the general considerations and diagnosis of system performance from the standpoint of meeting the criteria and standards, and in view of the operating conditions of the basic network system of the state of Acre and Rondônia, which has a large generation available at the HPP Santo Antônio, 230 kV and the export of energy by the back-to-back converters of the SE Coletora Porto Velho, makes necessary the study of the area to determine the reliability of the operation of this sector of 230 kV, as well as seek to mitigate the restrictions and limits, since the line contingencies transmission of the region. In this work, the evaluation of the static safety degree of the mentioned operation was carried out, and for this evaluation, the tools of load flow calculation and contingency analysis were widely used, seeking a greater flow of the internal generation of the Acre and Rondônia

A participação dos royalties do petróleo na composição da receita corrente líquida: um estudo nos dez municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro que mais arrecadaram com o petróleo no quadriênio 2015-2018

The petroleum is a well that, according constitutional warranty, has directly paticipation in the tax venues of producer minicipalities. Thereby, the revenues from that well are relevant for such cities to develop their public policies and to accomplish their public spendings regarding to education, wealth, security and others of State jurisdiction. This work describes the relative values to the obtained percentages in the quadrennium 2015-2018, of the collection with petroleum royalties in ten counties of Rio de Janeiro. The obteinment of percentages was made from the rate between the charging values with the petroleum royalties and the total public revenues in each period. The cities under analysis were those wich earned most with the petroleum product: Maricá, Niterói, Campos dos Goytacazes, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Cabo Frio, Rio das Ostras, São João da Barra, Saquarema and Angra dos Reis. With this assay it was perceived using statistical tool, a general tax increase of the cities in the biennium 2017-2018.O petróleo é um bem que, conforme garantia constitucional, possui participação direta na arrecadação dos municípios produtores. Com isso, as receitas oriundas desse bem são importantes para que tais cidades desenvolvam suas políticas públicas, realizem seus gastos públicos referentes à educação, saúde, segurança e outros de competência do Estado. Este trabalho descreve os valores relativos aos percentuais obtidos, no quadriênio 2015-2018, da arrecadação com os royalties do petróleo em dez municípios do Rio de Janeiro. A obtenção dos percentuais foi realizada a partir da razão entre o valor arrecadado com os royalties do petróleo e o total da receita corrente líquida em cada período. As cidades em análise foram as que mais auferiram com o produto petrolífero: Maricá, Niterói, Campos dos Goytacazes, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Cabo Frio, Rio das Ostras, São João da Barra, Saquarema e Angra dos Reis. A partir de uma análise utilizando-se de ferramenta estatística, percebeu-se um aumento arrecadatório dos municípios, em geral, no biênio 2017-2018

Energy efficiency vs. economic cost of cellular networks under co-channel interference

In this paper we analyze the efficiency of cellular network designs, by taking into account the co-channel interference among cells, different amounts of available bandwidths, and frequency reuse. A realistic power consumption model is considered for the energy efficiency analysis, and for the economic analysis it is employed a model in which the total cost is composed by three factors: spectrum license, energy and infrastructure costs. Our results show that different conclusions can be obtained according to the focus of the network design: energy efficiency or total costs. Assuming an economic point of view, the most cost efficient solutions can be obtained when the number of base stations and the available bandwidth are the factors to be balanced, as the infrastructure cost and the spectrum license costs correspond to the most relevant fraction of the total costs. However, considering the energy efficiency anlysis, it can be more beneficial to employ a higher system bandwidth and balance the number of base stations and the reuse of frequencies in order to minimize the required transmit power

On the use of iron chloride and starch for clarification in drinking water treatment

In drinking water treatment plants, chemical reagents are employed to aggregate and remove suspended particles. However, not all reagents are eco-friendly and exists concerns over environmental, economic, and health issues. This study shows features of the sustainability of commercial coagulants/flocculants and presents experimental research on floc characterization and settling of dispersed solids with a combination of Ferric Chloride (FeCl3 ) and gelatinized starch. Bench studies were conducted using kaolin suspensions and results were validated with raw water collected from a river (Rio dos Sinos, Brazil). Flocculation indexes, floc structure, and residual turbidities were compared with Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC), as a reference. All techniques showed that the combination of FeCl3 and starch formed well-structured, larger, and more settleable flocs than those produced with PAC. Superficial loadings, in a continuous separation tank (2 to 4 m.h-1) were studied with and without lamellae. Best results were obtained with 15 mg.L-1 Fe3+ and 10 mg.L-1 starch, with a velocity gradient, G, of 60 s-1 in the slow mixing and with 60° inclined lamellae spaced 1.3 cm apart. Best conditions were applied to the clarification of the raw water and again, due to the rapid settling of flocs with FeCl3 and starch, better results were obtained compared to PAC. A turbidity reduction of 94% and a residual value of 2.5 NTU with superficial loadings of 3 m.h-1 were obtained. Results were discussed in terms of interfacial and operating parameters and a promising potential for the combination of FeCl3 with starch for solid/liquid separation was envisaged

A GESTÃO DE PESSOAS E OS PROCESOS DE AVALIAÇÃO DE DESEMPENHO FUNCIONAL DA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE FEIRA DE SANTANA (UEFS)

A gestão de pessoas no âmbito da gestão universitária pública tem buscado novas formas de organização do trabalho, para promover a valorização dos indivíduos e o desenvolvimento organizacional. Este estudo tratou da gestão de pessoas e processos de avaliação de desempenho funcional cujo objetivo geral foi o de compreender os processos de progressão e promoção de carreira dos integrantes do grupo ocupacional técnico-especifico ocorridos na Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana no corte temporal analisado, em especial destacando a Legislação correspondente e a evolução de titulação dos profissionais. A metodologia adotada foi pesquisa descritiva, bibliográfica e documental, com natureza dosdados qualitativa e quantitativa, e tabulação dos dados descrita em gráfico e tabela. Assim, por resultado tem-sea necessidade de desenvolver uma política de gestão de pessoas e organizacional eficiente, concluindo-se que a disponibilização de um curso institucional de pós-graduação em nível de especialização para os 787 servidores pesquisados, pode contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento dos processos, tecnologias, estruturas, pessoas, ambiente e à dinâmica administrativa e acadêmica institucional da universidade pesquisada, e assim propor diagnósticos situacionais, métodos e técnicas de melhoria

Origin and distribuition of sciatic nerves of the Galea

O preá do semiárido nordestino (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) é um roedor pertencente à família Caviidae. Pouca literatura é encontrada sobre essa espécie em relação a sua morfologia e seu comportamento ambiental e reprodutivo. Com o objetivo de entender a morfologia geral, em foco, na inervação do membro pélvico dessa espécie, neste trabalho, foi explorado o nervo isquiático, o qual é o maior de todos os nervos do organismo. Foram utilizados 10 preás (cinco machos e cinco fêmeas) que vieram a óbito por causas naturais, oriundos do Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido (CEMAS/UFERSA). Os animais foram fixados após o óbito em solução aquosa de formaldeído 10% e, após 48 horas de imersão nessa solução, foram dissecados para exposição do nervo isquiático. Dessa forma, os dados obtidos foram compilados em tabelas e expressos em desenhos esquemáticos e fotografias. Os pares de nervos isquiáticos originaram-se de raízes ventrais de L6L7S1 (70%) e de L7S1S2 (30%) e distribuíram-se pelos músculos glúteo profundo, bíceps femural, semitendinoso e semimembranoso.The Galea of the semi-arid northeast (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) is a rodent belonging to the family Caviidae. Little literature is found on this species in relation to morphology, environmental and reproductive behavior. With a view to understanding the general morphology, particularly, in the innervation of the pelvic limb of this species, ponder the sciatic nerve, which is the largest of all the nerves of the body. 10 cavies were used (five males, five females) that they had died of natural causes, originating from breeders scientific, legally licensed by IBAMA, the UFRSA, Mossoró, RN. The animals were fixed after the death in an aqueous solution of formaldehyde 10% and after 48 hours of immersion in it, were dissected to expose the sciatic nerve. Thus, the data were compiled in tables and expressed in drawings and photographs. The pairs of sciatic nerves were derived from ventral roots L6L7S1 (70%) and L7S1S2 (30%) and were distributed by the deep gluteal muscles, biceps femural, semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles

Physiology and development of grafted dwarf cashew seedlings under different fertilization doses and irrigated with saline water

Salinity is one of the primary challenges faced by irrigated agriculture in semi-arid regions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fertilization on the development of cashew seedlings irrigated with water of varying salinity levels. The research was conducted in a protected environment at Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, using grafted seedlings of the BRS 189 clone on CCP 06 rootstock. The treatments resulted from the combination of three levels of NPK fertilization (control - without fertilization, 50% less than conventional nutrition, and 100% of conventional nutrition used by the crop), which was incorporated into the substrate before sowing CCP 06, with four salinity levels (ECa of 0.8, 4.0, 7.0, and 10.0 dS m-1) of the irrigation water for the seedlings. Gas exchange, assimilate accumulation, growth, and nutrient content in the leaves, stems, and roots of the seedlings were evaluated 90 days after grafting. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and when a significant effect was observed, the Tukey test was performed, while quantitative data were subjected to regression analysis. Overall, fertilization levels did not influence seedling growth. Fertilization did not interfere with photosynthate production, which performed better when the seedlings were subjected to a salinity of 7.0 dS m-1. The application of NPK to the substrate resulted in higher levels of nitrogen in the leaves, while phosphorus content decreased, and foliar potassium was not influenced by fertilization.Salinity is one of the primary challenges faced by irrigated agriculture in semi-arid regions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fertilization on the development of cashew seedlings irrigated with water of varying salinity levels. The research was conducted in a protected environment at Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, using grafted seedlings of the BRS 189 clone on CCP 06 rootstock. The treatments resulted from the combination of three levels of NPK fertilization (control - without fertilization, 50% less than conventional nutrition, and 100% of conventional nutrition used by the crop), which was incorporated into the substrate before sowing CCP 06, with four salinity levels (ECa of 0.8, 4.0, 7.0, and 10.0 dS m-1) of the irrigation water for the seedlings. Gas exchange, assimilate accumulation, growth, and nutrient content in the leaves, stems, and roots of the seedlings were evaluated 90 days after grafting. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and when a significant effect was observed, the Tukey test was performed, while quantitative data were subjected to regression analysis. Overall, fertilization levels did not influence seedling growth. Fertilization did not interfere with photosynthate production, which performed better when the seedlings were subjected to a salinity of 7.0 dS m-1. The application of NPK to the substrate resulted in higher levels of nitrogen in the leaves, while phosphorus content decreased, and foliar potassium was not influenced by fertilization