As neurociências ao serviço da linguagem

Human language, with the emergence of the Cognitive Sciences, contributes so decisively to the opening of the interdisciplinary area which is already transversely considered, the Neurosciences. All that concerns the processing of language information occupies now its own space in the exploitation and the interpretation of several ongoing processes, namely the acquisition and the learning, as well as processes involving injuries of the language. The brain is the center of interpretation which allows any researcher, from now on, to deepen and to understand the origin of such complex systems like, for example, reading and discourse. The present discussion should contribute to the debate of the theoretical and methodological foundations of language neuro-functional organization in the brain as well to the study of language teachin

Diabetes autoimune latente do adulto (LADA): panorama da patogênese, dos fatores de risco e do tratamento

Introduction: LADA, or Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults, is a condition characterized by disorders of insulin action and secretion, due to the presence of pancreatic autoantibodies, such as those against GADA. Objective: to evaluate the pathogenesis, risk factors and management of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Methodology: This is a bibliographic review that included original articles and systematic reviews in English and Portuguese, which addressed the risk factors, pathogenic components and treatment of LADA, published between 2016 and 2024, selected from the databases PubMed, Scopus and SciELO. After careful selection, 18 articles were chosen to compose this bibliographic review. Result and discussions: The destruction of pancreatic cells is slower than in DM1. Genetic and lifestyle factors, such as excess weight and diet, influence its development. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and insulin therapy, aimed at preserving beta cells and modulating the immune response. Considerations: LADA is a complex condition with genetic and environmental influence, and the various factors that influence the onset of the condition are well known. An integrated and multidisciplinary approach is essential to improve patients quality of life.Introdução: LADA, ou Diabetes Autoimune Latente do Adulto, é uma condição caracterizada por distúrbios da ação e secreção da insulina, devido à presença de autoanticorpos pancreáticos. Objetivo: Avaliar a patogênese, os fatores de ricos e o manejo do diabetes autoimune latente do adulto. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica que incluiu artigos originais e revisões sistemáticas em inglês e português, que abordaram os fatores de risco, os componentes patogênicos e tratamento do LADA, publicados entre 2016 e 2024, selecionados nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus e SciELO. Após a seleção criteriosa, foram escolhidos 18 artigos para compor esta revisão bibliográfica. Resultado e discussões: A destruição das células pancreáticas é mais lenta do que no DM1. Fatores genéticos e estilo de vida, como excesso de peso e dieta, influenciam seu desenvolvimento. O tratamento envolve mudanças no estilo de vida e terapia com insulina, visando preservar as células beta e modular a resposta imune. Considerações: o LADA é uma condição complexa e com influência genética e ambiental, sendo notório os diversos fatores que influenciam o aparecimento do quadro. Uma abordagem integrada e multidisciplinar é essencial para melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Effect of remote ischaemic conditioning on clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI): a single-blind randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Remote ischaemic conditioning with transient ischaemia and reperfusion applied to the arm has been shown to reduce myocardial infarct size in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). We investigated whether remote ischaemic conditioning could reduce the incidence of cardiac death and hospitalisation for heart failure at 12 months. METHODS: We did an international investigator-initiated, prospective, single-blind, randomised controlled trial (CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI) at 33 centres across the UK, Denmark, Spain, and Serbia. Patients (age >18 years) with suspected STEMI and who were eligible for PPCI were randomly allocated (1:1, stratified by centre with a permuted block method) to receive standard treatment (including a sham simulated remote ischaemic conditioning intervention at UK sites only) or remote ischaemic conditioning treatment (intermittent ischaemia and reperfusion applied to the arm through four cycles of 5-min inflation and 5-min deflation of an automated cuff device) before PPCI. Investigators responsible for data collection and outcome assessment were masked to treatment allocation. The primary combined endpoint was cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure at 12 months in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02342522) and is completed. FINDINGS: Between Nov 6, 2013, and March 31, 2018, 5401 patients were randomly allocated to either the control group (n=2701) or the remote ischaemic conditioning group (n=2700). After exclusion of patients upon hospital arrival or loss to follow-up, 2569 patients in the control group and 2546 in the intervention group were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. At 12 months post-PPCI, the Kaplan-Meier-estimated frequencies of cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure (the primary endpoint) were 220 (8·6%) patients in the control group and 239 (9·4%) in the remote ischaemic conditioning group (hazard ratio 1·10 [95% CI 0·91-1·32], p=0·32 for intervention versus control). No important unexpected adverse events or side effects of remote ischaemic conditioning were observed. INTERPRETATION: Remote ischaemic conditioning does not improve clinical outcomes (cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure) at 12 months in patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI. FUNDING: British Heart Foundation, University College London Hospitals/University College London Biomedical Research Centre, Danish Innovation Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, TrygFonden

Biovigilance systems: Cells, tissues, and organs donation and transplantation

Objective: to describe Biovigilance Systems and their associated management tools among member countries of the World Health Organization. Method: overview conducted following the population, concept, and context strategy to develop the research question and objective. Structured searches were conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Scopus. Snowballing procedure in Google Scholar and health authorities’ websites as World Health Organization and Pan American Health Organization during the first semester of 2023. Language and time restrictions were not applied. Results: we examined more than 70 studies and non-scientific works. Biovigilance systems were identified in 12 countries members of WHO in 3 of 6 regions: Pan-American Region (Brazil and Colombia, Canada), Europe (England, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, and Spain), and Western Pacific Region (Australia). Conclusion: This overview achieved its objective by describing biovigilance systems and their management tools among World Health Organization member countries. This research, designed as an overview, refrains from generalizing results but holds significance for countries and health authorities developing biovigilance systems, offering benchmark opportunities and supporting system improvement. The study contributes directly to the biovigilance discourse, guiding efforts to enhance safety and quality globally