Dysfunction of respiratory system in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease

Aims: we aimed to estimate the main parameters characterizing respiratory pulmonary function in patients with isolated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD), as well as with their combination. Materials and methods: the study included 198 patients divided into 3 groups: I – with isolated CAD [94 (47.5%)], II – with T2DM without the signs of CAD [64 (32.3%)], III – with combined CAD and T2DM [40 (20.2%)]. The assessment of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as the measurement of inflammatory markers were performed using unified clinical and biochemical methods. Respiratory pulmonary function and diffusion lung capacity (Dlco) were assessed using Elite Dl-220v body plethysmograph. Results: the parameters reflecting the respiratory pulmonary function and the level of gas diffusion through alveolar-capillary membrane (ACM) in patients with CAD both with and without diabetes was within the normal values. The exception was the level of residual volume, which was below the prognostic values in all the studied groups. At the same time, in diabetic patients with CAD the values of forced and slow vital lung capacity, forced expiratory volume for 1-second, as well as the level of diffusion were significantly lower as compared to the corresponding values in patients with isolated CAD and didn’t differ in comparison with the values of diabetic patients except for the level of diffusion. It should be noted that a number of respiratory parameters had a correlation relationships with glycemic level, inflammatory markers and with the indicators characterizing dyslipidemia and myocardial dysfunction. Conclusions: in the course of the study it was found out that the diabetic patients had respiratory system dysfunction in comparison to the patients with isolated CAD. The presence of diabetes in patients with CAD worsens not only the somatic background but probably contributes to the respiratory dysfunction in the form of lower velocity and volumetric parameters, but also in the indicator showing respiratory metabolism

Inflammation of adipose tissue. Is there a place for statins to correct adiposopathy?

This review is devoted to the analysis of data on the effect of inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzymate-reductase on the endocrine function of adipose tissue in obesity. Violation of metabolism of adipose tissue, as well as the amount of fat, are a a key factor in the pathophysiology of obesity and the development of concomitant diseases. Statins are competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-kofermenta reductase (HMG-COA reductase) that catalyze the initial stage of cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver. Therefore, traditionally, the liver is considered as the main target organ for statins. The results of studies of molecular mechanisms of action of statins on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, adipokine and inflammatory balance in adipose tissue on the example of isolated adipocytes (in vivo) and in living organism (in vitro) are presented. Effect of statins on the action of insulin, as well as the possibility of developing pathological conditions associated with insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2). The proven clinical effects of cholesterol-lowering action of statins, allow new insights and to further explore their possible impact on other links in the development of obesity, and potentially to use them as therapeutic agents for pharmacological correction of obesity and the fight against cardiovascular diseases

Phenotype of a modern patient with valvular heart diseases: literature review

In modern conditions, valvular heart diseases (VHD) are one of the most common pathologies among cardiovascular diseases with a dynamic change in the phenotype of patients. An increase in the prevalence of VHD is currently observed due to the active implementation of diagnostic methods in cardiology. Geographical differences in the genesis of the development of valvular heart defects are noted, and the portrait of patients also changes as a result of aging and the addition of comorbid pathology. The purpose of the literature review was to present current trends in changing phenotype of patients with VHD, to study current data on the epidemiology of valve pathology, the contribution of various cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidity of patients on the course of the disease. Current data on the number of surgical interventions performed for VHD based on Russian, European, American, Australian and other studies, data on patient survival and mortality, as well as differences in these indicators in age groups of different countries are presented. The review will be useful for doctors to understand the modern portrait of a patient with VHD, trends in cardiovascular risk factors that influence the course of the disease and prognosis in patients with VHD

The role of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus for poor in-hospital prognosis of coronary artery bypass grafting

Background: The management of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who need myocardial revascularization is a great challenge. Aims: To study the role of newly diagnosed T2DM in the development of in-hospital adverse outcomes after coronary artery surgery (CABG). Methods: 708 consecutive patients underwent CABG were included. All patients without history of T2DM and with border fasting hyperglycemia underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. Results: The screening allowed to diagnose T2DM in 8.9% and prediabetes in 10.4% of the study population. The the number of patients with T2DM increased from 15.2% to 24.1%, and with prediabetes from 3.0% to 13.4%. The total number of patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders increased from 18.2% to 37.5%. The trend towards higher rate of in-hospital complications after CABG was defined among patients with newly diagnosed and previously diagnosed T2DM. The regression analysis demonstrated the presence of the relationships between the previously diagnosed T2DM and the total number of significant complications (odds ratio (OR) 1.350, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0571.723, p=0.020) and prolonged in-hospital stay (OR 1.609, 95%CI 1.2022.155, p=0.001). The significance of these relationships increased with the addition of newly diagnosed T2DM to the regression model (for in-hospital complications: OR 1.731, 95% CI 1.1312.626, p=0.012; for prolonged in-hospital stay: OR 2.229, 95%CI 1.4123.519, p0.001). Moreover, additional associations between T2DM and the risk of developing multiple organ dysfunction (OR 2.911, 95% CI 1.0727.901, p=0.039), urgent lower extremity surgery (OR 1.638, 95%CI 1.00915.213, p=0.020) and the need for extracorporeal correction of hemostasis (OR 3.472, 95%CI 1.04211.556, p=0.044) have been defined. Importantly, the presence of these associations would not have been identified without including newly diagnosed DM in the regression model. Conclusion: The newly diagnosed T2DM affects the prognosis of CABG as well as the previously diagnosed T2DM. The obtained results suggest the importance of active preoperative T2DM screening

New biological markers for a prognostic model for assessing the risk of cardiac fibrosis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

HighlightsThe developed prognostic model for assessing the risk of cardiac fibrosis in patients with STEMI with HFmrEF and HFpEF is promising from the point of view of scientific and clinical potential because similar models for predicting the risk of cardiac fibrosis in patients with index MI are not currently validated. The developed scale includes such parameters as age, LVEF, COL-1, BMI, MMP-2. The scale can be used in patients with HFmrEF and HFpEF phenotypes. Identification of patients at high risk of myocardial fibrosis will allow choosing the appropriate treatment method. Aim. To develop a prognostic model for assessing the risk of cardiac fibrosis (CF) in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFpEF) and mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) a year after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) based on clinical, instrumental and biochemical data.Methods. The prospective cohort study included 100 STEMI patients with HFmrEF (LVEF 40–49%) and with HFpEF (50% or more). Echo was performed in all patients on the 1st, 10–12th day and a year after onset of STEMI. Upon admission to the hospital and on the 10–12th day after the onset of the disease, the following serum biomarker levels were determined: those associated with changes in the extracellular matrix; with remodeling and fibrosis; with inflammation, and with neurohormonal activation. At the 1-year follow-up visit, 84 patients underwent contrast-enhanced MRI to assess fibrotic tissue percentage relative to healthy myocardium.Results. The distribution of patients by HFmrEF and HFpEF phenotypes during follow-up was as follows: HFmrEF on the 1st day – 27%, 10th day – 12%, after a year – 11%; HFpEF on the 1st day – 73%, 10th day – 88%, after a year – 89%. According to cardiac MRI at the follow-up visit (n = 84), the median distribution of fibrotic tissue percentage was 5 [1.5; 14]%. Subsequently, the threshold value of 5% was chosen for analysis: CF≥5% was found in 38 patients (the 1st group), whereas CF<5% was noted in 46 patients (the 2nd group). When analyzing the intergroup differences in biological marker concentrations in the in-patient setting and at the annual follow-up, it was determined that the most significant differences were associated with “ST-2” (1st day) that in the “CF≥5%” group was 11.4 ng/mL higher on average compared to the “CF<5%” group (p = 0.0422); “COL-1” (1st day) that in the “CF≥5%” group was 28112.3 pg/mL higher on average compared to the “CF<5%” group (p = 0.0020), and “NT-proBNP” (12th day) that in the “CF<5 %” group was 1.9 fmol/mL higher on average compared to the “CF≥5%” group (p = 0.0339). Certain factors (age, LVEF (12th day), collagen-1 (1st and 12th day), body mass index, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (12th day) were determined and included in the prognostic model for assessing the risk of CF a year after the STEMI (AUC ROC 0.90, Chi-square test <0.0001).Conclusion. Prognostic model (scale) based on factors such as age, left ventricular ejection fraction (12th day), collagen-1 (1st and 12th day), body mass index, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (12th day) shows high prognostic power and enables identification of patients with HFmrEF and HFpEF phenotypes and at high risk of cardiac fibrosis a year after STEMI

ИНФАРКТ МИОКАРДА 2-ГО ТИПА: СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ВЗГЛЯД НА ПРОБЛЕМУ

HighlightsThe article describes the main differences between the types of myocardial infarction, in particular, differences between type 1 and type 2 myocardial infarction, the complexity of diagnosis and management of patients with myocardial infarction type 2, and summarizes data on the prevalence of patients with myocardial infarction type 2. The arguments supporting the need for further researches to differentiate various phenotypes of myocardial infarction are provided. AbstractDespite the high interest in the study of type 2 MI, many unresolved issues concerning diagnosis, criteria for diagnosis and, especially, therapeutic tactics remain unresolved. The available data regarding type 2 MI remain limited and inconsistent, and are based on sources that include the analysis of type 1 MI. According to various predictions, the prevalence of type 2 MI will increase even more. Type 2 MI management strategy should be patient-specific and in accordance with the etiology and pathogenesis, therefore, timely diagnosis, and MI differentiation according to universally accepted definitions is a relevant scientific topic and a practical necessity.Thus, summarizing all the above, we can say that type 2 myocardial infarction is a topic that encompasses many unresolved issues concerning diagnosis, patient management and further secondary prevention.Основные положенияВ обзоре освещены основные различия типов инфаркта миокарда, в частности отличия инфаркта 2-го типа от 1-го типа, описаны сложности диагностики и ведения пациентов с инфарктом миокарда 2-го типа, обобщены данные о частоте выявления данного типа заболевания. Представлены аргументы в пользу необходимости дальнейших исследований, посвященных изучению различных фенотипов инфаркта миокарда. РезюмеНесмотря на высокий интерес к изучению инфаркта миокарда (ИМ) 2-го типа, остается множество нерешенных вопросов, связанных с диагностикой, критериями постановки диагноза и, прежде всего, тактикой лечения заболевания. Доступная информация об ИМ 2-го типа основана на зарубежных источниках, включающих анализ ИМ 1-го типа, и носит ограниченный и разрозненный характер. По прогнозам, распространенность ИМ 2-го типа будет только увеличиваться. Тактика ведения больных ИМ 2-го типа должна определяться индивидуально в каждой конкретной клинической ситуации в соответствии с этиологией и патогенезом, поэтому своевременная диагностика и конкретизация типа ИМ по Универсальному определению представляют не только научный, но и практический интерес. Таким образом, вопросы диагностики инфаркт миокарда 2-го типа, ведения пациентов и вторичной профилактики требуют дальнейшего исследования

СВЯЗЬ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ РАЙОНА ПРОЖИВАНИЯ И ФАКТОРОВ РИСКА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ, ПЕРЕНЕСШИХ ИНФАРКТ МИОКАРДА

HighlightsThe analysis of associations between the elements of the neighboughood area infrastructure and cardiovascular risk factors was performed in a high-risk population of patients with myocardial infarction. This analysis has practical importance for the comprehensive optimization of local preventive approaches. Aim. To study the association of the neighborhood infrastructure parameters with cardiovascular risk factors in patients with myocardial infarction (MI).Material and Methods. The study included 150 patients with MI. On the basis of their subjective opinion expressed by the Neighborhood Environmental Walkability Scale questionnaire, the infrastructure of the area of residence was analyzed, and its favorable and unfavorable parameters were identified. Cardiovascular risk factors were identified based on the survey and medical records.Results. Among all patients with MI, the risk of arterial hypertension with MI was reduced by the presence of a dividing dirt strip in the vicinity of OR 0.32 (95% CI 0.12; 0.83) and accessible public transport OR 0.32 (95% CI 0.10; 0.95), dyslipidemia – the remote location of the restaurant OR 0.50 (95% CI 0.26; 0.97) and the place of work OR 0.32 (95% CI 0.12; 0.86), smoking – distance from a public transport stop OR 0.20 (95% CI 0.04; 0.94) and proximity to a restaurant OR 0.50 (95% CI 0.26; 0.97), physical inactivity – distance from work OR 0.08 (95% CI 0.01; 0.76), stress – remote location of a clothing store OR 0.45 (95% CI 0.22; 0.93), alcohol consumption – compliance of the living area with the conditions necessary for raising children OR 0.27 (95% CI 0.07; 0.97), insufficient consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables – remote location of a pharmacy OR 0.18 (95% CI 0.03; 0.97), the lack of dividing ground strip OR 0.10 (95% CI 0.01; 0.91) and the presence of garbage in the vicinity of OR 0.08 (95% CI 0.01; 0.53), patient satisfaction with the compliance of the living area with the conditions necessary for the upbringing of children OR 0.10 (95% CI 0.01; 0.70). Inadequate street lighting at night contributed to an increased risk of dyslipidemia, OR 3.05 (95% CI 1.04; 8.92), alcohol consumption – proximity to a clothing store OR 2.23 (95% CI 1.08; 4.57).In citizens with MI, a decrease in the risk of arterial hypertension was associated with the presence of a dividing dirt strip in the vicinity of OSH 0.17 (95% CI 0.06; 0.49) and accessible public transport OSH 0.19 (95% CI 0.05; 0.65); stress – with the absence of alternative routes in the vicinity of OSH 0.27 (95% CI 0.09; 0.79); the risk of insufficient consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables – with the distance of the pharmacy OR 0.18 (95% CI 0.03; 0.96), the absence of a dividing dirt strip OR 0.07 (95% CI 0.01; 0.63) and sidewalks in the vicinity of OR 0.14 (95% CI 0.02; 0.89). In rural patients with MI, the risk of stress decreased with the presence of sidewalks in the vicinity of OR 0.21 (95% CI 0.05; 0.99) and accessible public transport OR 0.15 (95% CI 0.03; 0.85).Conclusion. The identification of unfavorable parameters of the territory of residence in patients with MI should contribute to the formation of the concept of a health-preserving environment necessary for further reduction of cardiovascular risks of MI in the population.Основные положенияВ высокорисковой популяции пациентов с инфарктом миокарда выполнен анализ ассоциаций элементов инфраструктуры района проживания и факторов сердечно-сосудистого риска, что имеет практическое значение для комплексной оптимизации локальных профилактических подходов. Цель. Изучить связь параметров инфраструктуры района проживания с сердечно-сосудистыми факторами риска у пациентов с инфарктом миокарда (ИМ).Материал и методы. В исследование включены 150 пациентов, поступивших в стационар с диагнозом ИМ. На основании их субъективного мнения, выраженного по опроснику Neighborhood Environmental Walkability Scale, анализировали инфраструктуру зоны проживания, выделяли ее благоприятные и неблагоприятные параметры. По опросу и медицинской документации идентифицировали факторы сердечно-сосудистого риска.Результаты. Среди всех пациентов с ИМ снижали риск артериальной гипертензии наличие разделительной грунтовой полосы в окрестностях (отношение шансов (ОШ) 0,32, 95% доверительный интервал (ДИ) 0,12–0,83) и доступность общественного транспорта (ОШ 0,32, 95% ДИ 0,10–0,95), риск дислипидемии – удаленность ресторана (ОШ 0,50, 95% ДИ 0,26–0,97) и места работы (ОШ 0,32, 95% ДИ 0,12–0,86), риск курения – удаленность остановки общественного транспорта (ОШ 0,20, 95% ДИ 0,04–0,94) и близость ресторана (ОШ 0,50, 95% ДИ 0,26–0,97), риск гиподинамии – удаленность места работы (ОШ 0,08, 95% ДИ 0,01–0,76), риск стресса – удаленность магазина одежды (ОШ 0,45, 95% ДИ 0,22–0,93), риск потребления алкоголя – соответствие условиям, необходимым для воспитания детей (ОШ 0,27, 95% ДИ 0,07–0,97), риск недостаточного потребления свежих фруктов и овощей – удаленность аптеки (ОШ 0,18, 95% ДИ 0,03–0,97), отсутствие разделительной грунтовой полосы (ОШ 0,10, 95% ДИ 0,01–0,91), мусор в окрестностях (ОШ 0,08, 95% ДИ 0,01–0,53) и соответствие условиям, необходимым для воспитания детей (ОШ 0,10, 95% ДИ 0,01–0,70). Повышению риска дислипидемии способствовало ненадлежащее освещение улиц в ночное время (ОШ 3,05, 95% ДИ 1,04–8,92), риска потребления алкоголя – близость магазина одежды (ОШ 2,23, 95% ДИ 1,08–4,57). У горожан с ИМ снижение риска артериальной гипертензии ассоциировано с наличием разделительной грунтовой полосы в окрестностях (ОШ 0,17, 95% ДИ 0,06–0,49) и доступностью общественного транспорта (ОШ 0,19, 95% ДИ 0,05–0,65), стресса – с отсутствием альтернативного маршрута в окрестностях (ОШ 0,27, 95% ДИ 0,09–0,79), риска недостаточного потребления свежих фруктов и овощей – с удаленностью аптеки (ОШ 0,18, 95% ДИ 0,03–0,96), отсутствием разделительной грунтовой полосы (ОШ 0,07, 95% ДИ 0,01–0,63) и тротуара в окрестностях (ОШ 0,14, 95% ДИ 0,02–0,89). У сельских пациентов с ИМ риск стресса уменьшался при наличии тротуара в окрестностях (ОШ 0,21, 95% ДИ 0,05–0,99) и доступности общественного транспорта (ОШ 0,15, 95% ДИ 0,03–0,85).Заключение. Выявление неблагоприятных параметров территории проживания у пациентов с ИМ должно способствовать формированию понятия здоровьесберегающей среды, необходимой для уменьшения сердечно-сосудистых рисков ИМ у населения