Methods of examination and assessment of the safety of goat meat of the Zaanen breed

The purpose of the study was to develop a comprehensive system of veterinary and sanitary examination of the safety and quality of slaughter products of Zaanen goats. The studies were conducted on goats at the age of 36 months. According to the results of veterinary and sanitary examination of organs and carcasses, all experimental animals were found to be healthy. Five muscles served as the material for studying the chemical composition: the semi-webbed muscle, the biceps femur, the longest back, the biceps shoulder and intercostal muscles were studied. Organoleptic studies of meat and internal organs were carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 7269-79, physico-chemical studies of meat were carried out in accordance with GOST 23392-78, the mineral composition of tissues was studied on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The biological value of Zaanen goat meat was determined according to the “Methodological recommendations for the use of the express method of biological evaluation of products and feeds”. Studies have shown that to assess the safety and quality of goat cuts and carcasses as meat raw materials, anatomical characteristics and morphometric parameters of regional lymph nodes should be used: heads - mandibular, parotid and pharyngeal lateral and medial; necks - superficial and deep cervical; thoracic limbs - axillary, axillary of the first rib and superficial cervical; sternum - axillary; chest wall - superficial cervical and intercostal; lower back - lumbar; pelvic extremity - popliteal, superficial and deep inguinal; the mammary glands are supramental

Income Inequality in Russia during Transition: How Can it be Explained?

Analysis of income inequality is often applied to the case of measuring total income inequality in a given population. However it is more interesting and useful to make empirical analyses of factors associated with rising income differ-ences of population. This paper examines the causes of inequality growth in Russia during transition. Using RLMS data author tries to assess the contribution of different income sources to total income inequality and define what household features responsible for the income inequality and its change.Russia, transition economy, inequality, income distribution, decomposition analyses, income sources, population subgroups

The social determinants of adolescent smoking in Russia in 2004

Results Smoking was more prevalent among boys than girls (26.1 vs. 5.7%). Maternal smoking and adolescent alcohol use were associated with smoking among both sexes. The self-assessment of one's socioeconomic position as unfavourable was associated with girls' smoking, while living in a disrupted family, physical inactivity and having a low level of self-esteem were predictive of boys' smoking. Conclusions The family environment appears to be an important determinant of adolescent smoking in Russia. In particular, boys and girls may be modelling the negative health behaviour lifestyles of their parents, with unhealthy behaviours clustering. Efforts to reduce adolescent smoking in Russia must address the negative effects emanating from the parental home whilst also addressing associated behaviours such as alcohol use

Methods of examination and assessment of the safety of goat meat of the Zaanen breed

The purpose of the study was to develop a comprehensive system of veterinary and sanitary examination of the safety and quality of slaughter products of Zaanen goats. The studies were conducted on goats at the age of 36 months. According to the results of veterinary and sanitary examination of organs and carcasses, all experimental animals were found to be healthy. Five muscles served as the material for studying the chemical composition: the semi-webbed muscle, the biceps femur, the longest back, the biceps shoulder and intercostal muscles were studied. Organoleptic studies of meat and internal organs were carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 7269-79, physico-chemical studies of meat were carried out in accordance with GOST 23392-78, the mineral composition of tissues was studied on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The biological value of Zaanen goat meat was determined according to the “Methodological recommendations for the use of the express method of biological evaluation of products and feeds”. Studies have shown that to assess the safety and quality of goat cuts and carcasses as meat raw materials, anatomical characteristics and morphometric parameters of regional lymph nodes should be used: heads - mandibular, parotid and pharyngeal lateral and medial; necks - superficial and deep cervical; thoracic limbs - axillary, axillary of the first rib and superficial cervical; sternum - axillary; chest wall - superficial cervical and intercostal; lower back - lumbar; pelvic extremity - popliteal, superficial and deep inguinal; the mammary glands are supramental

The social determinants of adolescent smoking in Russia in 2004.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of adolescent smoking in the Russian Federation and examine what factors are associated with it. METHODS: Data were drawn from Round 13 of the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) carried out in 2004. The sample consists of 815 adolescents (430 boys, 385 girls) aged 14-17 years who answered questions about their health behaviours. RESULTS: Smoking was more prevalent among boys than girls (26.1 vs. 5.7%). Maternal smoking and adolescent alcohol use were associated with smoking among both sexes. The self-assessment of one's socioeconomic position as unfavourable was associated with girls' smoking, while living in a disrupted family, physical inactivity and having a low level of self-esteem were predictive of boys' smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The family environment appears to be an important determinant of adolescent smoking in Russia. In particular, boys and girls may be modelling the negative health behaviour lifestyles of their parents, with unhealthy behaviours clustering. Efforts to reduce adolescent smoking in Russia must address the negative effects emanating from the parental home whilst also addressing associated behaviours such as alcohol use