Eco-Geophysical and Geoecological Factors in Assessing the State of the Geological Environment Based on the Analysis of Spatial Databases of the Territory of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania

The article considers the main sources of pollutionin the territory of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. A study of environmental geophysical factors in the city of Vladikavkaz was carried out at 126 points; indicators of noise pollution, electric fields and the level of gamma radiation were measured. A geoaccumulation index of heavy metals in soils and indices of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were calculated and corresponding maps were constructed. The obtained data supporting a high level of carcinogenic risk are consistent with a high level of cancer morbidity in the city, which indicates a close relationship between morbidity and the carcinogenic risk index. It has been determined that emissions from road transport are greater by an order of magnitude than stationary sources emissions, while there is a steady trend towards an increase in air pollution as a result of the increasing negative impact of motor vehicle emissions. It has been established that the most hazardous way for heavy metals to enter the human body from the soil is by inhalation. It has been determined that in areas where environmental pollution with heavy metals is higher, cancer morbidity is also higher

Investigation of ecogeophysical factors of the environment of Vladikavkaz

A study of ecogeophysical factors of the environment in Vladikavkaz was carried out at 126 points: indicators of noise pollution, electric fields and the level of gamma radiation were measured. The noise level was determined with the help of noise and vibration meter Ekogeofizika-110A of the domestic company Oktava. It has been defined that the population of Vladikavkaz is subjected to a significant noise period of time, which exceeds the permissible level, which can negatively affect the health of citizens. Measurements of gamma radiation level were made using a gamma radiation dosimeter DBGA-OCHA. According to the obtained data, the population of Vladikavkaz is exposed to the gamma radiation in the range of 0.05–0.18 µSv/h and with an average value of 0.11 µSv/h, which is below the maximum permissible level. In order to study the electric fields, the measurements were carried out by the electric field meter IEP-05. The electric field strength reached up to 1400 V/m at individual measurement points, at an acceptable level of 800 V/m; this indicator exceeds the maximum permissible values

Temporal and Spatial Geophysical Data Analysis in the Issues of Natural Hazards and Risk Assessment (in Example of North Ossetia, Russia)

The paper considers the aspects of hazard assessment within the framework of a generalized approach. The aim of the study is to improve the methodology for more accurate and detailed probabilistic assessments of risks of various nature. A complex hazard map is constructed in an example of the territory of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and the construction site of the Mamison resort. Based on the analysis of data on Quaternary formations and quantitative estimates, it was concluded that the natural average static environmental evolution proceeds in the mode of the dynamic balance of two factors: mountain building and the equivalent increase in denudation, of which about 90% is transported and deposited by river waters and winds outside the territory. The remaining 10% is deposited in intermountain depressions and river valleys in situ. Geodynamic and climatic factors of influence on the geoenvironment create the danger of excessive environmental impact and disruption of its equilibrium development under anthropogenic impacts, which must be taken into account in designing

Temporal and Spatial Geophysical Data Analysis in the Issues of Natural Hazards and Risk Assessment (in Example of North Ossetia, Russia)

The paper considers the aspects of hazard assessment within the framework of a generalized approach. The aim of the study is to improve the methodology for more accurate and detailed probabilistic assessments of risks of various nature. A complex hazard map is constructed in an example of the territory of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and the construction site of the Mamison resort. Based on the analysis of data on Quaternary formations and quantitative estimates, it was concluded that the natural average static environmental evolution proceeds in the mode of the dynamic balance of two factors: mountain building and the equivalent increase in denudation, of which about 90% is transported and deposited by river waters and winds outside the territory. The remaining 10% is deposited in intermountain depressions and river valleys in situ. Geodynamic and climatic factors of influence on the geoenvironment create the danger of excessive environmental impact and disruption of its equilibrium development under anthropogenic impacts, which must be taken into account in designing

Feasibility of leaching poor ore in a pile

Relevance. Traditional beneficiation processes do not provide full disclosure of minerals due to the design parameters of the equipment, so they are modernized by attracting operations of hydrometallurgical and chemical processing, which increase the efficiency of enrichment due to application of a new kind of energy, for example, technology of chemical leaching of metals. The direction of increasing the volume of production of metals by leaching non-conforming raw materials and wastes of mining and processing in piles, which is used to produce copper, gold, uranium, becomes more relevant. The aim of the study is the proof of ecological-economic efficiency of leaching of non-conforming raw materials and wastes of mining and processing in a pile and substantiation of their prospects. Methods of the research include analysis and synthesis of results of previously performed theoretical and experimental studies and those borrowed from the literature, patent data in analysis modeling. Results. In the complex «hydrometallurgy and ore leaching» the least cost of the product is achieved when the uranium content in ore is 0,08 %. At increasing uranium content without growth in ore production output the rate of production decreases due to low recoveries of uranium and duration of leaching. Calculation of irrigation parameters is based on the laws of infiltration hydrodynamics and correlations between the solvent, its concentration and wetting zone diameter. Analytical modeling of leaching efficiency was implemented in designing low-grade ores processing in a specific field. The distinctive feature of the project is in cascade location of the equipment for gravity movement of the material. The processes are arranged according to the principle of maximum reduction of process pumping, trails of technological pipelines and other utilities. The practice of dumping leaching tailings contributes to development of waste natural leaching with migration of liquid chemical components in crust layers and gas ones - into atmosphere, that decreases uranium leaching rates in a pile, reducing it to the level of work in progress with the complexity of possibilities of deep disposal. Conclusions. After leaching in a pile, uranium content in leaching tailings remains high enough to be considered as poor ore with radiation impact on the environment. A promising direction for wasteless recovery of metals from sub-standard materials is a combination of chemical processing and mechanical activation in leaching

Geodetic, geophysical and geographical methods in landslide investigation: Luar case study

According to the variety and the intensity of dangerous natural processes occurence, the Greater Caucasus can serve as a natural laboratory, where geodynamic processes of a different order proceed continuously. One of the most destructive natural processes are the landslides. A reference object in this regard is the Luar landslide, which has included all the extreme features of landslide structures known in the Central Caucasus, but has not revealed the secrets of its static state, the determination of which is the most important task of the scientific research. An active landslide formed as a result of anthropogenic activity (slope cutting ) is also considered. The mentioned objects were examined by the geodetic and geophysical methods. Appropriate monitoring systems have been created

Feasibility of leaching poor ore in a pile

Актуальность. Традиционные обогатительные процессы не обеспечивают полного раскрытия минералов ввиду конструктивных параметров применяемого оборудования, поэтому они модернизируются путем привлечения операций гидрометаллургической и химической переработки, которые повышают эффективность обогащения за счет использования нового вида энергии, например, технологий реагентного выщелачивания металлов. Становится актуальным направление увеличения объема производства металлов путем выщелачивания некондиционного сырья и отходов добычи и переработки в штабелях, применяемое для получения меди, золота, урана. Целью исследования является доказательство эколого-экономической эффективности технологии выщелачивания некондиционного сырья и отходов добычи и переработки в штабеле и обоснование их перспективности. Методы исследования включают в себя анализ и обобщение результатов выполненных ранее собственных и привлеченных из литературы теоретических и экспериментальных исследований, литературных и патентных данных в процессе аналитического моделирования. Результаты. В комплексе гидрометаллургия и выщелачивание руды наименьшая себестоимость продукта достигается при содержании урана в руде 0,08 %. С повышением содержания урана без увеличения объемов добычи руды выпуск продукции уменьшается из-за низкого коэффициента извлечения урана и длительности выщелачивания. Расчет параметров орошения базируется на закономерностях гидродинамики инфильтрационного процесса и корреляционных связях между расходом растворителя, его концентрации и диаметром зоны смачивания. Аналитическое моделирование эффективности технологии выщелачивания осуществлено при проектировании процессов переработки бедных руд конкретного месторождения Отличительная черта проекта заключается в каскадности расположения оборудования для обеспечения самотечного движения материала. Процессы компонуются по принципу максимального сокращения технологических перекачек, протяженности технологических трубопроводов и других коммуникаций. Практика захоронения хвостов выщелачивания способствует развитию процессов природного выщелачивания отходов с миграцией жидких химических компонентов в слои земной коры и газообразных - в атмосферу, что ухудшает показатели выщелачивания урана в штабеле, низводя ее на уровень незавершенного производства с усложнением возможностей глубокой утилизации. Выводы. После выщелачивания в штабеле содержание урана в хвостах выщелачивания остается достаточно высоким, чтобы рассматривать их как бедную руду с радиационным воздействием на окружающую среду. Перспективным направлением безотходного извлечения металлов из некондиционного сырья является сочетание химического обогащения и механической активации в процессе выщелачивания.Relevance. Traditional beneficiation processes do not provide full disclosure of minerals due to the design parameters of the equipment, so they are modernized by attracting operations of hydrometallurgical and chemical processing, which increase the efficiency of enrichment due to application of a new kind of energy, for example, technology of chemical leaching of metals. The direction of increasing the volume of production of metals by leaching non-conforming raw materials and wastes of mining and processing in piles, which is used to produce copper, gold, uranium, becomes more relevant. The aim of the study is the proof of ecological-economic efficiency of leaching of non-conforming raw materials and wastes of mining and processing in a pile and substantiation of their prospects. Methods of the research include analysis and synthesis of results of previously performed theoretical and experimental studies and those borrowed from the literature, patent data in analysis modeling. Results. In the complex «hydrometallurgy and ore leaching» the least cost of the product is achieved when the uranium content in ore is 0,08 %. At increasing uranium content without growth in ore production output the rate of production decreases due to low recoveries of uranium and duration of leaching. Calculation of irrigation parameters is based on the laws of infiltration hydrodynamics and correlations between the solvent, its concentration and wetting zone diameter. Analytical modeling of leaching efficiency was implemented in designing low-grade ores processing in a specific field. The distinctive feature of the project is in cascade location of the equipment for gravity movement of the material. The processes are arranged according to the principle of maximum reduction of process pumping, trails of technological pipelines and other utilities. The practice of dumping leaching tailings contributes to development of waste natural leaching with migration of liquid chemical components in crust layers and gas ones - into atmosphere, that decreases uranium leaching rates in a pile, reducing it to the level of work in progress with the complexity of possibilities of deep disposal. Conclusions. After leaching in a pile, uranium content in leaching tailings remains high enough to be considered as poor ore with radiation impact on the environment. A promising direction for wasteless recovery of metals from sub-standard materials is a combination of chemical processing and mechanical activation in leaching

Mechanochemical technology of metal mining from enriching tails

Актуальность и цель исследования. Цель исследования - установить взаимосвязь параметров технологии выщелачивания с эффективностью извлечения металлов. Статья посвящена проблеме совершенствования технологии извлечения металлов из продуктов первичной переработки металлических руд в рамках направления безотходной утилизации хвостов переработки. Ее актуальность обусловлена тем, что в настоящее время прослеживается глобальная тенденция - переход к "устойчивым геотехнологиям", одним из направлений которой является расширение сферы использования техногенного сырья, а опыт безотходной утилизации хвостов сравнительно мал. Методика исследования. В экспериментах применена единая методика технологического процесса с математическим планированием. Для формирования поверхности регрессии в трехмерном виде использована процедура алгоритмов строгой интерполяции. Результаты. Приведены результаты экспериментального обоснования возможности выщелачивания металлов из минеральных отходов из хвостов обогащения с использованием дезинтегратора российского производства. Область эффективного применения технологий утилизации некондиционного металлосодержащего минерального сырья определена моделированием технологических и экономических показателей с учетом стоимости каждого из компонентов выщелачиваемого раствора, а также затрат, связанных с увеличением продолжительности технологического процесса. Показано, что эффективность утилизации хвостов обогащения зависит от масштабов использования технологии выщелачивания на этапах от добычи до металлургического передела, а концепт эффективности новой технологии состоит в получении дохода от увеличения количества товарной продукции за счет утилизации некондиционного по содержанию металлов исходного сырья. Определено, что комплексность использования недр можно повысить путем выделения большей доли металлов в процессе выщелачивания хвостов обогащения в дезинтеграторе. Выводы. Реализация технологии обеспечивает вовлечение в производство омертвленных минеральных ресурсов и создает новую сырьевую базу для устойчивого развития отечественного горно-металлургического комплекса. Рекомендовано дальнейшие исследования параметров безотходного выщелачивания металлов сосредоточить в области выявления совместного влияния доли раствора и массового содержания реагентов в обогащаемой пульпе на эффективность процесса.The relevance and aim of the study. The aim of the study is to establish the relationship between the parameters of leaching technology and metal extraction efficiency. The article is devoted to the problem of improving the technology for extracting metals from products of primary processing of metal ores as a part of the non-waste recycling of tailings. Its relevance is caused by a global trend - transition to «sustainable geotechnologies», one of the directions of which is to expand the scope of use of technogenic raw materials, and the experience of waste-free tailings disposal is relatively small. Methodology. In the experiments, a unified methodology of the technological process with mathematical planning was applied. For formation of a regression surface in three-dimensional form, the procedure of strict interpolation algorithms was used. The results of experimental substantiation of the possibility of leaching metals from mineral waste from enrichment tailings using a Russian-made disintegrator are presented. The area of effective application of technologies for disposal of substandard metal-containing mineral raw materials is determined by modeling technological and economic indicators, taking into account the cost of each component of the leachate solution, as well as the costs associated with increasing the duration of the process. It was shown that the efficiency of utilizing tailings depends on the extent to which leaching technology is used at the stages from production to metallurgical processing, and the concept of the effectiveness of the new technology consists in generating income from an increase in the number of commercial products due to the utilization of raw materials that are substandard in terms of metal content. It was determined that the complexity of the use of subsurface resources can be improved by isolating a larger proportion of metals in the leaching of enrichment tailings in the disintegrator. Conclusions. The implementation of the technology ensures the involvement of dead mineral resources in the production and creates a new raw material base for sustainable development of the domestic mining and metallurgical complex. It is recommended that further studies of the parameters of non-waste metal leaching be concentrated in the field of identifying the joint effect of the proportion of the solution and the mass content of reagents in the enriched pulp on the efficiency of the process

Experimental study of the quality of ore crushing for underground leaching

Актуальность исследования вызвана необходимостью поиска новых путей для увеличения производства металлов. Объёмы некондиционных по содержанию металлов руд новых и строящихся месторождений техногенных массивов могут быть вовлечены в производство с повышением безотходности освоения недр. Цель: повышение качества взрывного дробления руд для подземного выщелачивания металлов путем экспериментального обоснования параметров отделения от массива и дробления металлических руд. Объект: рудовмещающий массив и технологические процессы отбойки и дробления руд конкретного месторождения в ходе полномасштабного эксперимента в опытном блоке. Методология: критический анализ теории и практики отбойки и дробления руд для выщелачивания в магазине, организация мониторинга выщелачиваемого массива в ходе извлечения металлов, моделирование и интерпретация результатов исследований. Результаты. Дана краткая справка по истории вопроса. Описана методика осуществления промышленного эксперимента на месторождении вскрываемых руд. Систематизированы показатели взрывной отбойки руд в процессе их магазинирования. Предложен критерий дробимости руд взрывом. Выполнена математическая обработка результатов взрывной отбойки руды. Показано, что способ выщелачивания даже при коэффициенте извлечения 70 % не конкурирует с традиционными технологиями из-за потери полезного компонента и требует совершенствования. Установлены закономерности распределения полезного компонента в классах отбитой руды, описываемые логарифмически-нормальным законом Гаусса. Показано, что размер куска, который соответствует среднеарифметическому значению содержания полезного компонента объективно характеризует качество отбитой для подземного выщелачивания руды. Сформулировано отличие предлагаемого метода от традиционного расчета средневзвешенного линейного размера, не учитывающего неравномерность распределения металла между фракциями. Предложена обобщенная модель взрывной подготовки руд к выщелачиванию. Изучение распределения содержания полезного компонента в отбитой руде в зависимости от вещественного состава, характера минерализации, общего содержания металла в рудовмещающих породах, технологии рудоподготовки может оказать существенное влияние на показатели выщелачивания.The relevance of the study is caused by the need to find new ways to increase the production of metals. The volumes of substandard ores in terms of metal content of new and under construction man-made deposits can be involved in production with increase in the wastelessness of subsoil development. The aim of the research is to improve the quality of explosive crushing of ores for underground leaching of metals by experimentally substantiating the parameters of separation from the massif and crushing of metal ores. Object: ore-bearing massif and technological processes of breaking and crushing of ores of a particular deposit during a full-scale experiment in a pilot block. Methodology: critical analysis of the theory and practice of breaking and crushing ores for leaching in the store, organization of monitoring of the leached massif during the extraction of metals, modeling and interpretation of research results. Results. The paper introduces a brief reference on the history of the issue and describes the technique of carrying out an industrial experiment at a deposit of exposed ores. The authors have systematized the indicators of explosive breaking of ores in their shoring and proposed a criterion of ore crushing by explosion. The mathematical processing of the results of ore blasting was carried out. It was shown that the leaching method, even with a recovery factor of 70 %, does not compete with traditional technologies due to the loss of a useful component and requires improvement. The regularities of useful component distribution in the classes of chipped ore, described by the logarithmic-normal Gauss law, were established. It is shown that the size of the piece, which corresponds to the arithmetic mean of the content of the useful component, objectively characterizes the quality of the ore chipped for underground leaching. The difference between the proposed method and the traditional calculation of the weighted average linear size, which does not take into account the uneven distribution of metal between fractions, is formulated. The authors proposed the generalized model of explosive preparation of ores for leaching. The study of the useful component content distribution in the chipped ore, depending on the material composition, the nature of mineralization, the total metal content in the ore-bearing rocks, the technology of ore preparation can have a significant impact on the leaching indicators