Differential Postprandial Lipoprotein Responses in Type 2 Diabetic Men with and without Clinical Evidence of a Former Myocardial Infarction

Postprandial lipemia plays an important role in the development of coronary heart disease through an elevation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. In type 2 diabetic male subjects, our aim was to compare postprandial lipemia in a high-risk population with former myocardial infarction (MI) with that of a lower risk population free of clinically detectable heart disease. 32 male type 2 diabetic subjects were included in the study. We matched 17 cases with a verified history of MI with 15 controls according to age, BMI, HbA1c, diabetes duration, smoking, and treatment of diabetes. Ongoing metformin, insulin, or lipid lowering pharmacological treatment were exclusion criteria. After a maximal exercise tolerance test and echocardiography, the subjects underwent a hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp and a vitamin A fat loading test. Plasma triglyceride levels in the case group were significantly higher after 360 minutes (4.6 ± 3.1 vs. 2.8 ± 1.8 mmol/l, p = 0.04) and 480 minutes (3.6 ± 2.2 vs. 2.4 ± 2.4 mmol/l, p = 0.03), as was the incremental Area Under the Curve (iAUC) for the whole period (560 ± 452 vs. 297 ± 214 mmolx480min./l; p = 0.048). In addition, the retinyl palmitate responses in the chylomicron-fraction from the case group were significantly higher (iAUC 311,502 ± 194,933 vs. 187,004 ± 102,928 ngx480min./ml; p = 0.035). Type 2 diabetic males with prior MI had higher postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein responses than those without MI, indicating that high responses may be a marker for a high-risk population

Handbook of Urban Mobilities

This book offers the reader a comprehensive understanding and the multitude of methods utilized in the research of urban mobilities with cities and ‘the urban’ as its pivotal axis. It covers theories and concepts for scholars and researchers to understand, observe and analyse the world of urban mobilities. The Handbook of Urban Mobilities facilitates the understanding of urban mobilities within a historic conscience of societal transformation. It explores key concepts and theories within the ‘mobilities turn’ with a particular urban framework, as well as the methods and tools at play when empirical, urban mobilities research is undertaken. This book also explores the urban mobilities practices related to commutes; particular modes of moving; the exploration of everyday life and embodied practices as they manifest themselves within urban mobilities; and the themes of power, conflict, and social exclusion. A discussion of urban planning, public control, and governance is also undertaken in the book, wherein the themes of infrastructures, technologies and design are duly considered. With chapters written in an accessible style, this handbook carries timely contributions within the contemporary state of the art of urban mobilities research. It will thus be useful for academics and students of graduate programmes and post-graduate studies within disciplines such as urban geography, political science, sociology, anthropology, urban planning, traffic and transportation planning, and architecture and urban design