HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF BREWERY SPENT GRAINS IN DIETARY PROTEIN FORMULATION IN DONRYU RATS

The increasing production of large tonnage of products in brewing industries continually generates lots of solid waste which includes spent grains, surplus yeast, malt sprout and cullet. The disposal of spent grains is often a problem and poses major health and environmental challenges, thereby making it imminently necessary to explore alternatives for its management. This paper focuses on investigating the effects of Brewery Spent Grain formulated diet on haematological, biochemical, histological and growth performance of Donryu rats. The rats were allocated into six dietary treatment groups and fed on a short-term study with diet containing graded levels of spent grains from 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 100% weight/weight. The outcome demonstrated that formulated diet had a positive effect on the growth performance of the rats up to levels of 6% inclusions, while the haematological and biochemical evaluation revealed that threshold limit should not exceed 9% of the grain. However, the histological study on the liver indicated a limit of 3% inclusion in feed without serious adverse effect. Thus invariably showing that blend between ranges 1-3% is appropriate for the utilization of the waste in human food without adverse effect on the liver organ. The economic advantage accruing from this waste conversion process not only solves problem of waste disposal but also handle issues of malnutrition in feeding ration

Microwave assisted synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 2-quinoxalinone-3-hydrazone derivatives

A simple and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of various 2-quinoxalinone-3-hydrazone derivatives using microwave irradiation technique. The series of 2-quinoxalinone-3-hydrazone derivatives synthesized, were structurally confirmed by analytical and spectral data and evaluated for their antimicrobial activities. The results showed that this skeletal framework exhibited marked potency as antimicrobial agents. The most active antibacterial agent was 3-{2-[1-(6-chloro-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)ethylidene]hydrazinyl}quinoxalin-2(1H)-one, 7 while 3-[2-(propan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl]quinoxalin-2(1H)-one, 2 appeared to be the most active antifungal agent

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED SYNTHESIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME PYRAZOL-1-YLQUINOXALIN-2(1H)-ONE DERIVATIVES

3-Hydrazinoquinoxalin-2(1H)-one was prepared from quinoxaline-2,3-dione and subsequently used for the synthesis of some potentially biologically active 3-(pyrazol-1-yl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives. While 3-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one showed a comparative effect with streptomycin, 3-(5-oxo-3-phenyl-4,5-di- hydropyrazol-1-yl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one was found to be the most active with an MIC value of 7.8 μg/ml

Physical characterisation of some honey samples from North-Central Nigeria

Some physicochemical properties (water content, sugar content, viscosity, pH and conductivity) were determined for honey samples from North-Central Nigeria to evaluate their global behaviour and comparison with other honey samples. The water content and sugar content varied within the range of (18.22 - 36.82%) and (63.82 - 80.25%)respectively. The pH increased with increase in water content and the conductivities of the samples had correlation with proportion of minor constituents in the honey samples. The relationship among water content (w), temperature (t) and viscosity (η) for different honey samples of may be represented as η = 17.678× 1000 exp (-0.32w - 0.088t). The temperature dependence of viscosity was evaluated with Arrhenius model, the activation energy with value of 70.07 kJ/g is fairly unaffected by moisture content

Preliminary studies on the seed oil of Caryota mitis: Proximate composition, phytochemical screening and evaluation of antimicrobial activity.

There are many varieties of seeds and nuts that can produce oils for food, nutraceuticals, skin care prod-ucts, aromatherapies, fuels and industrial lubricants. In this present study, the oil from the seed of Caryota mitis was extracted by soxhlet extraction and investigated to promote its quality aspects for biodiversity. The structural characterization of the oil was carried out using physico-chemical analyses and spectroscopic means such as FR-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR as well as mass spectral data. The phytochemical screening of the oil from Caryota mitis seed species revealed the presence of phytosterols, triterpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins. The proximate analysis showed the moisture content to be 42%, while crude fibre, carbohydrate, crude fat, crude protein and ash content was found to be 34.30%, 11.92%, 5.30%, 4.64% and 1.84% respectively on dry matter basis. The mineral content determination revealed the presence of iron (3.10 ± 0.02 mg/kg), manganese (0.11 ± 0.01 mg/kg), sodium (154.15 ± 1.98 mg/kg) and potassium (127.04 ± 1.21 mg/kg) while cadmium, nickel and lead were not detected. The in vitro antimicrobial screening on the oil, showed that it has promising antimicrobial potential on the organism tested but it was not as active as the clinical standards used. This oil is therefore, a candidate for further study in terms of the cytotoxicity profile and its ability to be used as functional food for proper exploration of its nutraceutical endowment

Proximate composition, structural characterization and phytochemical screening of the seed oil of Adenanthera pavonina linn

Adenanthera pavonina is leguminous species which is a perennial and non-climbing tree which is a highly valuable plant for food, drink, and traditional medicine. The Adenanthera pavonina Linn Seed was obtained in our institution premises. This present study was targeted at evaluating proximate analysis, phytochemical determination, a physicochemical parameter of the spectroscopically characterized oil sample of Adenanthera pavonina. The oil which was extracted by standard method had percentage yield of 15.36%. The phytochemical screening of the oil revealed the presence of saponin, alkaloid, and terpenoids. Proximate analysis result unveiled that seed oil of Adenanthera pavonina Linn had an appreciable quantity of protein 27.72%, Crude fiber 5.82 and Ash contents 2.51. It also showed the moisture content, organic matter, carbohydrate, pH and Refractive index to be 13.34%, 97.49% 54.36%, 5.96 and 1.62 respectively. The mineral determination showed that the seed oil contained Manganese (0.001 ± 0.0002 %), Iron (13.52 mg/kg), while Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) were below the detectable limit. The structure of the oil was elucidated using physicochemical analyses and spectral data which include FT-IR, UV, 1H- and 13C-NMR as well as mass spectral data. The spectroscopic data correlated well and was consistent with the proposed structure. The seed oil could provide access to increase dietary formulation owing to its high protein content. Keyword

Quinazoline pharmacophore in therapeutic medicine

This present study comprehensively expatiates the functionalized utilization of quinazoline scaffolds in drug development and furnishes latest updates in pharmacological appositeness of its derivatives in order to reveal novel pathways for therapeutic targets. It traverses numerous biological potentials of quinazoline in the contemporary time to allow researchers’ unhindered access to the beneficial role of quinazoline in fighting infectious diseases for future drug discovery. This work provides broad overview of medicinal survey of quinazoline chemistry valuable in the discovery of more efficient clinical trials and to summarize the most promising molecular targets for drug desig

Improvement of Nutritive Value of Sorghum-Ogi Fortified with Pawpaw (Carica papaya L)

The utilization of pawpaw fruit as a constituent of sorghum-ogi was investigated by preparing mixture of ogi with increasing level of pawpaw in 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% addition. The product sorghum-ogi was evaluated for proximate composition, titratable acidity, sugars and vitamin C. A taste panel evaluation was conducted to evaluate the acceptability of the products. The data obtained indicated an increase in protein ash and fat content while there was variation in carbohydrate content. Vitamin C and sugar content were also found to increase in proportion with the increase in blending. There was no apparent effect of pawpaw addition on pH and titratable acidity in the mixtures. The taste panel evaluation and the amylograph pasting characteristics of the pawpaw-ogi blends concluded that blend with 40% pawpaw addition and beyond were acceptable in improving the nutritive value of ogi

Effect of polyol on multiple ligand capped silver alloyed nanobimetallic particles in tri-n-octylphosphine oxide and oleic acid matrices

The syntheses of Ag/M (M is Co, Ni, Pd, Pt and Ru) alloyed nanobimetallic particles in tri-noctylphosphine oxide and oleic acid matrices were successfully carried out by the successive reduction of ligand capped metal ions with polyols, which resulted in rapid precipitation of some fractal high index faceted hybrid Ag/M bimetal nanoparticles. The optical measurements revealed the existence of modified surface plasmon band and peak broadening resulting from reaction-limited growth processes of the metal sols, making it possible to monitor the changes spectrometrically. The bimetallic nanoparticles were further characterized by powder x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron microscopy techniques which confirmed the formation of novel core–shell and alloyed clusters. The Ag/M nanoparticles thus synthesized within TOPO/OA matrices indicated significant reduction potential as a result of their energy band gap 2.65–2.77eV which points to the fact that they could serve as reducing agents for electrocatalytic reaction

Facile synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of 2-alkanamino benzimidazole derivatives

Benzimidazole derivatives are known to represent a class of medicinally important compounds which are extensively used in drug design and catalysis. A series of 2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives 10a-i was herein synthesized from the reaction of o-phenylenediamine with some amino acids using ameliorable pathway. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, UV, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, Mass spectral and analytical data. The compounds were investigated for their antimicrobial activity alongside gentamicin clinical standard. The results showed that this skeletal framework exhibited marked potency as antimicrobial agents. The most active compound was 1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methanamine, 10a