Kinetic, Equilibrium and ThermodynamicStudies of the Adsorption of Methylene Bluefrom Synthetic WastewaterUsing Cow Hooves

Aims:To investigate the feasibility and thekinetic of using cow hooves (CH) as a low-costadsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from synthetic wastewater.Place and Duration of Study:Chemistry Laboratory, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti,Nigeria, from October 2012 to January 2013.Methodology:This study was conducted through batch process. The influence of initialpH, contact time, CH dosage and temperature on the adsorption property of CH wasinvestigated using pH ranging from 2.0–11.0, contact time of 5-180 minutes, CH dosage of0.15–1.0 g and temperature of 298–318 K. All experiments were carried out using 0.25 g ofCH per 100 mL of MB solution except for effect of CH dosage. The equilibrium studieswere carried out using MB concentration ranging from 10–100 mgL-1at 298, 308 and318K and the experimental data obtained were analysed and modelled using Langmuir,Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) and Temkin isotherm models.Results:Our results indicated that a time of 90 minutes was required for equilibrium to beattained for25 mgL-1MB. The percentage removal of MB was found to increase withincrease in pH.The isotherm data were best fitted by Temkin isotherm model. The kineticsmodelling of the experimental data agreed with the pseudo-second-order model suggesting that chemisorption was the rate determining step. The values of thethermodynamic parameters (∆G0,∆H0and∆S0) revealed that the adsorption process wasspontaneous at very low temperature, feasible and exothermic.Conclusion:Cow hoof could be a promising low-cost adsorbent for the removal ofmethylene blue from wastewater and this could be bestachieved at high MB pH and withina period of one and half hours

Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies of the Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Synthetic Wastewater Using Cow Hooves

Aims: To investigate the feasibility and the kinetic of using cow hooves (CH) as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from synthetic wastewater. Place and Duration of Study: Chemistry Laboratory, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, from October 2012 to January 2013. Methodology: This study was conducted through batch process. The influence of initial pH, contact time, CH dosage and temperature on the adsorption property of CH was investigated using pH ranging from 2.0–11.0, contact time of 5-180 minutes, CH dosage of 0.15–1.0 g and temperature of 298–318 K. All experiments were carried out using 0.25 g of CH per 100 mL of MB solution except for effect of CH dosage. The equilibrium studies were carried out using MB concentration ranging from 10–100 mgL-1 at 298, 308 and 318 K and the experimental data obtained were analysed and modelled using Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) and Temkin isotherm models. Results: Our results indicated that a time of 90 minutes was required for equilibrium to be attained for 25 mgL-1 MB. The percentage removal of MB was found to increase with increase in pH. The isotherm data were best fitted by Temkin isotherm model. The kinetics modelling of the experimental data agreed with the pseudo-second-order model suggesting that chemisorption was the rate determining step. The values of the thermodynamic parameters (ΔG0, ΔH0 and ΔS0) revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous at very low temperature, feasible and exothermic. Conclusion: Cow hoof could be a promising low-cost adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue from wastewater and this could be best achieved at high MB pH and within a period of one and half hours

A comparative study of the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial qualities of Abuad moringa soap with conventional medicated soaps

The study was aimed at assessing the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial qualities of 'ABUAD moringa soap', a herbal soap produced with Moringa oleifera leaf by 'ABUAD Farm', Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. The physicochemical properties and antimicrobial qualities of&nbsp; ABUAD moringa soap on some selected bacteria and fungi were evaluated and compared with those of some conventional medicated and herbal soaps commonly used in Nigeria, such as Dettol,&nbsp; Tetmosol, Tura, Septol, Delta and Dudu Osun (herbal), as well as Lux, which serves as a control soap. The results of the physicochemical analyses revealed that all the soaps fall within the pH range of 8.83 and 9.83. All the soaps possess low values of free caustic alkali and detectable free fatty acid, as well as moderate values of total fatty matter. In-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of the soaps were investigated against microbial agents commonly found in association with skin infections, using the well-agar diffusion technique. The bacteria tested were Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 12453), as well as four clinical isolates namely, Escherichia coli, Leutococcus sanguinis, Corynebacterium accolens and Burkholderia cepacia. The fungi were Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Malassezia furfur ATCC 44349, and Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 23645. All the soaps, with exeption of lux, produced varied degrees of antibacterial activities, but ABUAD Moringa soap and Dudu Osun indicated superior effectiveness against the bacteria tested. Antifugal activities were produced by ABUAD moringa and Dudu Osun soaps only, on the fungi tested.&nbsp; ABUAD Moringa produced significantly higher antifungal activities on Malassezia furfur ATCC 44349 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 than Dudu Osun, but no significant difference was observed between the two soaps on their activities against Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 23645. The study showed that ABUAD Moringa soap possesses high therapeutic potentials against agents of bacterial and fungal skin infections. </p

Cambios en el crecimiento, digestibilidad y anatomía intestinal de pollos de engorde alimentados con dietas que contienen harina de semillas de ricino ( Ricinus communis L.) tratada con etanol

Eight weeks feeding trial was conducted to investigate the chemical composition, growth response, apparent nutrient digestibility, gut characteristics and morphology of broiler chickens fed four diets containing ethanol-treated castor oil seed meal (ECAM). Two hundred day-old Anak 2000 broiler chicks were then allotted to the four experimental diets containing ECAM at 0, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg, respectively. Each treatment was replicated five times with 10 birds per replicate. The final live weight, weight gain and feed intake reduced (P < 0.01) with increasing dietary inclusion of ECAM. Control fed broilers and those fed diets containing 100 g/kg and 150 g/kg ECAM had similar feed to gain ratio. Broilers fed diets containing 200 g/kg ECAM recorded the least (Linear and quadratic contrast, P < 0.05) crude protein and crude fibre digestibility, and the poorest (Linear contrast, P < 0.05) feed to gain ratio. Similar improved feed to gain ratio, apparent crude fibre, fat and ash digestibility were noticed with birds fed the control diet, diets containing 100 g/kg and 150 g/kg ECAM, respectively. Relative gizzard weight increased (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary inclusion levels of ECAM. Broilers fed with 200 g/kg ECAM recorded the heaviest (P < 0.05) relative gizzard, pancreas, duodenum weight and the longest (P < 0.05) relative jejunum and ileum length. Villi length and crypt depth of the duodenum reduced (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary inclusion of ECAM. In conclusion, ethanol-treated castor seed oil meal can be included up to 150 g/kg diet in broiler ration without impairing growth and nutrient digestibility.Un ensayo de alimentación de ocho semanas se realizó para investigar la composición química, la respuesta del crecimiento, la digestibilidad aparente de nutrimentos, las características y la morfología intestinal de pollos de engorde alimentados con dietas que contienen harina de semillas de ricino tratada con etanol (HSRTE). Doscientos pollos de engorde Anak 2000 de un día de edad se asignaron a cuatro dietas experimentales que contienen HSRTE a 0, 100, 150 y 200 g/kg, respectivamente. Cada tratamiento se repitió cinco veces con 10 aves por repetición. El peso vivo final, la ganancia de peso y el consumo de alimento se redujo (P < 0,01) con la inclusión cada vez mayor de la dieta de HSRTE. Los pollos de engorde alimentados con el control y aquellos alimentados con dietas que contenían 100 y 150 g/kg de HSRTE tuvieron una relación alimento:ganancia similar. Los pollos de engorde alimentados con dietas que contenían 200g/kg de HSRTE registraron la menor proteína cruda y digestibilidad de fibra cruda (Contrastes lineal y cuadrático, P < 0,05) y la relación alimento:ganancia más pobre (Contraste lineal, P < 0,05). Se notó un mejoramiento similar en la relación alimento:ganacia y digestibilidad aparente de fibra cruda, grasa y cenizas con aves alimentadas con la dieta control, dietas que contenían 100 y 150 g/kg de HSRTE, respectivamente. El peso relativo de la molleja se incrementó (P < 0,05) con el aumento de los niveles de inclusión en la dieta de HSRTE. Los pollos alimentados con 200 g/kg de HSRTE registraron el mayor peso relativo de la molleja, el páncreas y el duodeno (P < 0,05) y la mayor longitud relativa del yeyuno y el íleon (P < 0,05). La longitud de las vellosidades y la profundidad de las criptas del duodeno se redujeron (P < 0,05) con un incremento de la inclusión en las dietas de HSRTE. En conclusión, la harina de semillas de ricino tratada con etanol puede ser incluida hasta 150 g/kg en dietas para raciones para pollos de engorde, sin perjudicar el crecimiento y la digestibilidad de los nutrimentos