Coarse-graining diblock copolymer solutions: a macromolecular version of the Widom-Rowlinson model

We propose a systematic coarse-grained representation of block copolymers, whereby each block is reduced to a single ``soft blob'' and effective intra- as well as intermolecular interactions act between centres of mass of the blocks. The coarse-graining approach is applied to simple athermal lattice models of symmetric AB diblock copolymers, in particular to a Widom-Rowlinson-like model where blocks of the same species behave as ideal polymers (i.e. freely interpenetrate), while blocks of opposite species are mutually avoiding walks. This incompatibility drives microphase separation for copolymer solutions in the semi-dilute regime. An appropriate, consistent inversion procedure is used to extract effective inter- and intramolecular potentials from Monte Carlo results for the pair distribution functions of the block centres of mass in the infinite dilution limit.Comment: To be published in mol.phys(2005

Critically evaluated termination rate coefficients for free-radical polymerization: Experimental methods

The knowledge of accurate rate coefficients for individual steps of free-radical polymerization (FRP) is of scientific interest and of application-oriented importance. For a wide variety of homopolymerizations and for many copolymerizations, reliable propagation rate coefficients, k p, are accessible via the IUPAC-recommended method of PLP-SEC (pulsed laser polymerization - size-exclusion chromatography). For termination rate coefficients, kt, the situation is less favorable. Even for very common monomers, no kt benchmark data sets are available. Moreover, instead of having one recommended technique for measuring kt, there are a plethora of such methods. Seventeen of the most prominent approaches for measuring kt are here reviewed, including innovative ones that have emerged over the last decade. The methods have been subdivided into two categories: (i) 'Kinetic methods', in which analysis of the time dependence of concentrations is essential, and (ii) 'MWD methods', in which the analysis of the molecular weight distribution plays the dominant role. The methods are evaluated with respect to their potential for providing routine access to measuring kt as a function of monomer conversion and of free-radical chain length. Moreover, it has been considered whether expensive instrumentation or highly demanding analysis is required for a particular method and whether a method is applicable to many types of monomers. A table summarizes all these evaluations in a readily accessible form. The use of kinetic methods appears to be generally preferable over MWD-based methods. The largest potential is currently seen for methods in which polymerization is induced by a single laser pulse and where the subsequent time evolution of either monomer concentration or free-radical concentration is measured. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved