Field Emission Microscopic Observation of Effects of Oxygen or Air on the High Temperature Tungsten Cathode

By using Muller-type field emission microscope with an ordinary pumping system, effects of gas introduction and filed desorption on a carbon-adsorbed tungsten surface are examined at high temperatures around 1500°K. The removal of carbon from the tungsten surface is verified when a very small quantity of oxygen or air is introduced into the tube. The carbon-adsorption on the tungsten surface caused by the decomposition of vacuum oil on the tip under the conventional operating condition is observed successively during the process. From the results, it is found that the change in the 011 and the 111 regions is always regular, but in the 001 region it is very complicated. The field desorption effect on the carbon-adsorbed tungsten surface is also observed, and the same change as obtained in the gas introduction is found in the 001 region

The long-term impact of the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake on wage distribution

This paper explores the effects of the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake on the wages of people in the area of the earthquake over the 17 years after its occurrence and identified which part of the wage distribution has been most affected by this event by comparing the wage distributions of disaster victims and non-victims. To do this, we used three decomposition methods, developed by (i) Oaxaca (1973) and Blinder (1973); (ii) DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux (1996) ("DFL"); and (iii) Machado and Mata (2005) and Melly (2006). Our findings are as follows. First, the Oaxaca and Blinder decomposition analysis shows that the negative impact of the earthquake still affects the mean wages of male workers. Second, the DFL decomposition analysis shows that middle-wage males would have earned more had the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake not occurred. Finally, the Machado-Mata-Melly decomposition analysis shows that the earthquake had a large, adverse impact on the wages of middle-wage males, and that their wages have been reduced since the earthquake, by 5.0 - 8.6%. This result is similar to that from the DFL decomposition analysis. In the case of female workers, a long-term negative impact of the earthquake was also observed as the wages of high-wage females were reduced by 8.3 - 13.8%

Extraction of Disease Area from Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Images Using Three Dimensional Regional Statistics

AbstractWe propose a new extraction method of the macular disease area in the human retinal layer from OCT images using three dimensional regional statistics. In previous researches, we extracted disease area by using the mean and standard deviation of the two dimensional disease part pointed out by a clinical doctor. However, the previous method cannot extract disease area for some disease OCT images precisely. In this paper, we propose a new extraction method of the disease area using three dimensional regional statistics. We use a set of 128 images (3D-OCT image) consisted of 2 dimensional OCT retinal image about one retina of a patient. The regional mean and regional standard deviation of gray level are calculated in the three dimensional region of interest (ROI, 125 (=5 × 5 × 5) pixels) in the abnormal area pointed by a clinical doctor. These values are compared with every ROI in the abnormal area to extract the disease area, and the proposal system measures the volume of the disease area. We apply the proposed method to OCT images of 5 patients with retinal diseases. As a result, we can measure the volume of the abnormal area with 80.7% average accuracy