Comparative characteristics of diabetes risk scores

The worldwide prevalence of diabetes among adults (aged 20?79 years) was 8.35% in 2013, and this is expected to increase by 55% (592 million adults) by 2035. To avoid the increase in the prevalence of diabetes, primary prevention and early diagnosis of prediabetes are required. It is important to identify individuals at a high risk of hyperglycaemia using inexpensive and available methods. At present, risk score is an alternative to identify the risk of developing diabetes. There are approximately 10 types of risk scores in the world, and further research for the development and adaptation of risk scores for various populations are being conducted. The use of risk score methods for prediction allows the setting of the level of total risk, identification of high-risk patients and prescription of necessary preventive measures. Actual validation of existing diabetes risk score for the Russian population is being conducted. Assessment of the risk of diabetes is simple, fast, inexpensive, non-invasive and reliable

The epidemiology of obesity and the development of disorders of glucose metabolism according to a prospective study in Siberia

Introduction: Persons who are overweight and obese have a higher risk of development of diabetes mellitus. In Russia, the epidemiological trends of glucose metabolism disorders in obese persons are understudied.Aim. To study the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a population sample aged 45–69 (Novosibirsk), and to assess the relationship between body mass index and 3-year dynamics of glucose metabolism disorders in a prospective cohort study.Material and Methods: A representative population sample of men and women 45–69 years old was examined in Novosibirsk in 2003–2005 (baseline survey, HAPIEE Project). In a prospective study 2,787 individuals without baseline diabetes who participated in the first and repeated surveys (2006–2008) were analyzed. The average duration of prospective follow–up comprised 3±0.01 years. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical assessment including lipids and carbohydrate metabolism were performed. Diabetes mellitus was defined by epidemiological criteria in patients with established diabetes history and in individuals with fasting blood glucose level ≥7,0mmol/l (WHO, 1999). The classification of obesity by BMI value was used according to WHO (1997).Results: In a population sample aged 45–69 in 2002–2006 the proportions of persons with BMI value ≥25 and <30kg/m2 was 37.5%, and with BMI≥30kg/m2 – 35%. Among persons with baseline overweight, the rate of new diabetes cases was 2.5 times higher than among those with normal body weight. In persons with baseline obesity the rate of new diabetes cases was 6 times higher than in those with normal body weight. Men with BMI ≥25 and <30 kg/m2 had a frequency of new diabetes 3.4 times higher, and in persons with BMI≥30 kg/m2 – 8.5 times higher than in men with normal BMI. Women with excess body weight had a rate of newly emerged diabetes mellitus 1.7 times higher, and women with obesity – 6 times higher than in a group with normal body weight.Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity in a Siberian population aged 45–69 years comprises 35%. In studied population sample, person with excess body weight have a 3-year incidence of new-onset diabetes 2.5 times higher compared to those with normal body weight. In obese persons the frequency of new diabetes was 6 times higher compared to those with BMI ≤25 kg/m2. Among persons with obesity, the frequency of new diabetes is 2 times higher in men than in wome

Population-based nutrition study on an urban population with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Aim. The aim of our cross-sectional study was to evaluate the nutrition (or diet) habits of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in the urban population (45–69 years) of Novosibirsk. Materials and methods. We included 1,041 people with DM and 8,095 people without DM in this study. The nutrition data were obtained via a population survey using a questionnaire to assess the frequency of food consumption within the framework of HAPIEE, an international project. Results. The prevalence of DM was 11.4% in this study population. The nutrition intake analysis showed that carbohydrate consumption in both men and women with DM was significantly lower compared with that in those without DM, while fat and protein intake were significantly higher. In men with type 2 DM, the proportions of black bread, vegetables, dairy products and meat in the diet were significantly higher, while the proportions of white bread and sweets in the diet were significantly lower compared with their counterparts without DM. Women with DM also had significantly higher proportions of black bread, vegetables, dairy products, meat and fish in the diet and lower proportions of white bread, potatoes and sweets in the diet than the controls. The proportions of fruit, eggs and alcohol intake did not differ between the groups for both men and women. In men, there was also no difference in the proportions of potatoes, vegetables and fish intake between the groups. Conclusion. The diets of both patients with DM and the general population in Novosibirsk are not well balanced

MODY in Siberia – molecular genetics and clinical characteristics

The diagnosis of maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) has high clinical significance in young patients (no absolute need for exogenous insulin; normoglycaemia in most patients achieved by dieting or taking oral hypoglycaemic agents) and their relatives (high probability of first-degree relatives being carriers of mutations, which requires a thorough collection of family history and determination of the parameters of carbohydrate metabolism). Aim. This study aimed was to determine the clinical characteristics of different subtypes of MODY in a Siberian region. Materials and Methods. We performed an examination, biochemical and hormonal blood tests, ultrasound and molecular genetic testing of 20 patients with a clinical diagnosis of MODY. Results. Four subtypes of MODY were verified: MODY2 in 11 patients, MODY3 in two, MODY8 in one and MODY12 in two. Eleven patients (69%) exhibited no clinical manifestations of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, and one patient showed weight loss during early stage of the disease. Comorbidities included dyslipidemia, thyroid gland disorders and arterial hypertension. One patient (6%) exhibited diabetic nephropathy; two (13%), diabetic retinopathy and three (19%), peripheral neuropathy of lower legs. All patients achieved the target carbohydrate metabolism; the level of C-peptide was within the reference range. Conclusion. Four different subtypes of MODY (2, 3, 8, 12) were diagnosed in the present study, which differed in their clinical characteristics, presence of complications and treatment strategies. Our knowledge of monogenic forms of diabetes is expanding with the development in molecular genetics, but several aspects related to them require further study

Clinical and genetics aspects of the lipid profile in women with autoimmune thyroiditis

Aim: in women with Hashimoto's disease (HD) we studied the clinical and some molecular genetic characteristics of the lipid profile. Materials and Methods: Subjects for this study included 109 women with HD. The average age of 57.2 ± 7.8 years, disease duration 8.0 ± 6.4 years, menopause duration 6.4 ± 3.5 years. Control group consisted of 85 women of similar age without thyroid pathology. Clinical and anthropometric data was collected from all participants. Whole blood samples were drawn in the morning after an overnight fasting for the measurement of serum TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) levels, as well as lipid concentrations and glucose. In genetic research participated 441 women: 104 women with HD and 337 healthy women (control subjects). The genotype of the subjects for TaqIB polymorphism of CETP, rs320 (HindIII +/-) polymorphism of LPL, polymorphism of the coding portion of the gene APOE, rs2228314 (1784G/C) polymorphism of SREBF2 was analyzed by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results: Stratified by triglycerides (TG) level increased in subjects with HD and lowered levels of cholesterol of high density lipoproteins (HDL). Similar results were obtained when comparing the indexes of blood lipids in the group of women who have reached the level of TSH in the range of 0.4–2.5 mU/l on the background of ongoing substitution therapy with thyroid hormone. Not received the differences in the distribution of genotypes of the polymorphisms of the gene CETP Taq1B, rs320 LPL gene and ɛ2/ɛ3/ ɛ4 APOE gene, rs2228314 SREBF2 gene in the main and control groups. B1B1 TaqIB polymorphism of CETP of the main group had the higher levels of TG and BMI. ɛ3/ɛ4 APOE had the higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, cholesterol non-HDL in women with hypothyroidism. Conclusion: In women with compensated hypothyroidism TG levels above and below the level of HDL cholesterol compared to the control. Shown association of APOE and CETP gene with some lipids parameters