Impact of pharmaceutical promotion on prescribing decisions of general practitioners in Eastern Turkey

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Commercial sources of information are known to have greater influence than scientific sources on general practitioners' (GPs) prescribing behavior in under developed and developing countries. The study aimed to determine the self-reported impact of pharmaceutical promotion on the decision-making process of prescription of GPs in Eastern Turkey.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A cross-sectional, exploratory survey was performed among 152 GPs working in the primary health centers and hospitals in Erzurum province of Eastern Turkey in 2006. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used. The questionnaire included questions regarding sociodemographics, number of patients per day, time per patient, frequency of sales representative visits to GPs, participation of GPs in training courses on prescribing (in-service training, drug companies), factors affecting prescribing decision, reference sources concerning prescribing and self-reported and self-rated effect of the activities of sales representatives on GPs prescribing decisions.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of 152 subjects, 53.3% were male and 65.8% were working at primary health care centers, respectively. Mean patient per day was 58.3 ± 28.8 patients per GP. For majority of the GPs (73.7%), the most frequent resource used in case of any problems in prescribing process was drug guides of pharmaceutical companies. According to self-report of the GPs, their prescribing decisions were affected by participation in any training activity of drug companies, frequent visits by sales representatives, high number of patient examinations per day and low year of practice (p < 0.05 for all).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results of this study suggest that for the majority of the GPs, primary reference sources concerning prescribing was commercial information provided by sales representatives of pharmaceutical companies, which were reported to be highly influential on their decision-making process of prescribing by GPs. Since this study was based on self-report, the influence reported by the GPs may have been underestimated.</p

The Changing Rate of Suspected Rabies Bites after Begin to Act Animal Shelter in Erzurum City

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between establishing an animal shelter in Erzurum and the number of suspected rabies bites between the years 2005 and 2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective, repeated cross-sectional study was planned in Erzurum in the year 2013. Records between the years 2005 and 2012 were obtained from the Communicable Diseases Department of the Erzurum Health Directorate. Data for 5789 cases exposed to suspected rabies bites were analyzed. RESULTS: 5789 suspected rabies bites were encountered in Erzurum between the years 2005 and 2012. After establishing the animal shelter in 2009, 4239 dogs were collected from the streets within four years and 426 of them were released after immunization. Additionally, the following services were given in the animal shelter between 2009 and 2012: immunization of 2935 dogs, sterilization of 1735 dogs, and release of 2082 dogs back to the street. 4-years before the establishment of the animal shelter, the number of dog-bites had decreased from 3403 cases to 2386 cases; 4-years after the establishment of the shelter, it declined by 29.8%. While there were 1096 suspected rabies cases during the year 2008, this ratio decreased by 40.9% after the establishment of the animal shelter in the year 2009. During the year 2010, where we had the highest number of homeless dog collection to the animal shelter, the decrease in suspected rabies bites reached the maximum decrease, namely 51.0%. Spearman correlation analysis showed a strong negative correlation between the number of collected animals and suspected rabies bites (r = −0,862; p=0.006). CONCLUSION: Suspected rabies cases are common in Turkey and some cases of rabies are encountered. The number of suspected rabies bites in Erzurum has decreased significantly after establishing the animal shelter. It is an evident that establishing rehabilitation centers for homeless animals in all cities will have an important role in controlling zoonotic diseases including rabies

The changing rate of suspected rabies bites after begin to act animal shelter in Erzurum city

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between establishing an animal shelter in Erzurum and the number of suspected rabies bites between the years 2005 and 2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective, repeated cross-sectional study was planned in Erzurum in the year 2013. Records between the years 2005 and 2012 were obtained from the Communicable Diseases Department of the Erzurum Health Directorate. Data for 5789 cases exposed to suspected rabies bites were analyzed. RESULTS: 5789 suspected rabies bites were encountered in Erzurum between the years 2005 and 2012. After establishing the animal shelter in 2009, 4239 dogs were collected from the streets within four years and 426 of them were released after immunization. Additionally, the following services were given in the animal shelter between 2009 and 2012: immunization of 2935 dogs, sterilization of 1735 dogs, and release of 2082 dogs back to the street. 4-years before the establishment of the animal shelter, the number of dog-bites had decreased from 3403 cases to 2386 cases; 4-years after the establishment of the shelter, it declined by 29.8%. While there were 1096 suspected rabies cases during the year 2008, this ratio decreased by 40.9% after the establishment of the animal shelter in the year 2009. During the year 2010, where we had the highest number of homeless dog collection to the animal shelter, the decrease in suspected rabies bites reached the maximum decrease, namely 51.0%. Spearman correlation analysis showed a strong negative correlation between the number of collected animals and suspected rabies bites (r = −0,862; p=0.006). CONCLUSION: Suspected rabies cases are common in Turkey and some cases of rabies are encountered. The number of suspected rabies bites in Erzurum has decreased significantly after establishing the animal shelter. It is an evident that establishing rehabilitation centers for homeless animals in all cities will have an important role in controlling zoonotic diseases including rabies

Socio-demographic characteristics and quality of life among women in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy living in Erzurum city center

Introduction: In this research, it is aimed to determine the relationship between quality of life and socio-demographic variables in the third trimester of pregnancy in Erzurum.Methods: The study was conducted as a descriptive field survey between 1 December 2016 and 31 January 2017. The universe of the research is composed of 226 pregnant women in Erzurum city center. SPSS for data recording and analysis. Ver.22.0 package program is used. Descriptive statistics are presented as mean ± standard deviation, percent and frequency distributions. The Mann Whitney-U test was used to assess the quality of life and p &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: All pregnant women in this study are at least 28 weeks in pregnancy. The mean age of the women participating in the survey is 28.2±5.8 (18-44) and 4% of them are 19 years old or younger. Of pregnant women, 39.3% were primary school graduates. Pregnant women’s mean duration of marriage is 6.5±4.9 years. Unintended pregnancy rate is 21.7%. The mean number of pregnancies is 2.6±1.5. Pregnant women who give birth by caesarean section rate is 27%.  Additionally, 15% of the pregnant have a chronic disease and 6.6 of them are smoker. According to SF-36 quality of life form scales; there was a significant difference between those who are educated on primary education, those who have regular income, those who are willingly pregnant in vitality, mental health, social functioning areas; spousal primary school education and the presence of social security in mental health, vitality and pain scores. In addition, scores of physical function, physical and emotional role, mental health and social functioning were significantly lower in smokers. Conclusion: In our study it has been observed that the level of education affects many measures of quality of life. Regular income and social security have significantly affected the quality of life. In addition, a healthy pregnancy process is possible in women who have intended pregnancy

Socio-demographic characteristics and quality of life among women in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy living in Erzurum city center

Introduction: In this research, it is aimed to determine the relationship between quality of life and socio-demographic variables in the third trimester of pregnancy in Erzurum.Methods: The study was conducted as a descriptive field survey between 1 December 2016 and 31 January 2017. The universe of the research is composed of 226 pregnant women in Erzurum city center. SPSS for data recording and analysis. Ver.22.0 package program is used. Descriptive statistics are presented as mean ± standard deviation, percent and frequency distributions. The Mann Whitney-U test was used to assess the quality of life and p lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: All pregnant women in this study are at least 28 weeks in pregnancy. The mean age of the women participating in the survey is 28.2±5.8 (18-44) and 4% of them are 19 years old or younger. Of pregnant women, 39.3% were primary school graduates. Pregnant women’s mean duration of marriage is 6.5±4.9 years. Unintended pregnancy rate is 21.7%. The mean number of pregnancies is 2.6±1.5. Pregnant women who give birth by caesarean section rate is 27%.  Additionally, 15% of the pregnant have a chronic disease and 6.6 of them are smoker. According to SF-36 quality of life form scales; there was a significant difference between those who are educated on primary education, those who have regular income, those who are willingly pregnant in vitality, mental health, social functioning areas; spousal primary school education and the presence of social security in mental health, vitality and pain scores. In addition, scores of physical function, physical and emotional role, mental health and social functioning were significantly lower in smokers. Conclusion: In our study it has been observed that the level of education affects many measures of quality of life. Regular income and social security have significantly affected the quality of life. In addition, a healthy pregnancy process is possible in women who have intended pregnancy