The properties of machine-tractor unit (MTU) regarding soil preparation with bed ridging

BACKGROUND: One of the main criteria for assessment of work performance is productivity. It depends on a number of indicators: towing resistance, optimal use of energy, used technical equipment, the adaptability of the equipment to the operation conditions, etc. Experimental studies are required in order to establish the patterns of influence of these indicators on work efficiency. AIMS: Carrying out theoretical calculations and practical observations on the process of bed ridging for potatoes, assessment of the unit assembly for the technological process performing and the using of the unit. METHODS: Field tests of a machine-tractor unit with subsequent result processing using the Microsoft Office applications. RESULTS: Recommendations are given for practical use in the unit formation depending on velocity and operation width of the unit for various values of specific resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The practical value of the study lies in the opportunity of using the proposed patterns for optimization the machine-tractor unit assembly according to operation conditions, selection of power unit, development of combined machines and units. © Eco-Vector, 2023

Применение моделей вероятностных ситуаций на железной дороге

The article describes application of models of information probabilistic situations for solving problems of traffic control on the railway. The content of situational control is revealed. The difference between a visual and a «blind» situation during vehicle’s movement is shown.The information situation around a moving object can be deterministic and stochastic. The concept of a stochastic information control situation is introduced. The choice of alternatives in stochastic control situations is characterized by organizational, technological, and informational uncertainties.This motivates development of control methods and algorithms that consider uncertainty and multicriteria in control of moving objects in such situations. Situational control can be used in automated, cyber-physical and intelligent control.The article proposes a model for controlling mobile objects based on a probabilistic approach in a stochastic situation and on the consideration of a number of stochastic factors. The model is based on calculating the probability of existence of an obstacle in the path of a vehicle. Such a model can be used under the conditions of poor visibility and a probability of receiving erroneous information from sensors. The article gives a systematics of the probabilistic characteristics of a stochastic information situation accompanying a moving object. The application of dichotomous and oppositional analysis in studying obstacles on the route has been substantiated. The model for detecting a foreign object on a traffic route is based on the assumption of the presence of reliable and erroneous information. The analysis is based on Dempster–Schafer theory. The stochastic information situation model uses the probabilistic characteristics of the presence of an obstacle on the track. The probability of an object’s existence is estimated using Bayes’ theorem. The proposed model considers three factors of the stochastic situation: informational uncertainty in the signal; false signals, sensor measurement error. The field of application of this situational model comprises digital railway, intelligent transport systems, transport cyber-physical systems.Статья описывает применение моделей информационных вероятностных ситуаций для решения задач управления движением на железной дороге. Раскрывается содержание ситуационного управления. Показано различие между визуальной и «слепой» ситуацией при движении транспорта.Информационная ситуация вокруг подвижного объекта может быть детерминированной и стохастической. Вводится понятие «стохастическая управленческая информационная ситуация». Выбор альтернатив в стохастических управленческих ситуациях характеризуется организационной, технологической и информационной неопределённостями. Это мотивирует разработку методов и алгоритмов управления, учитывающих неопределённость и многокритериальность при управлении подвижными объектами в таких ситуациях. Ситуационное управление может быть использовано в автоматизированном, кибер-физическом и интеллектуальном управлении.Статья предлагает модель управления подвижными объектами, основанную на вероятностном подходе в стохастической ситуации и учёте ряда стохастических факторов. Модель основана на расчёте вероятности существования препятствия на пути движения транспортного объекта. Такая модель может применяться в условиях плохой видимости и возможности получения ошибочной информации от датчиков. Статья даёт систематику вероятностных характеристик стохастической информационной ситуации, сопровождающей подвижный объект. Обосновано применение дихотомического и оппозиционного анализа при изучении препятствий на трассе движения. Модель обнаружения постороннего объекта на трассе движения строится на предположении наличия достоверной и ошибочной информации. В качестве основы анализа используется теория Демпстера–Шафера. Модель стохастической информационной ситуации использует вероятностные характеристики наличия препятствия на трассе. Вероятность существования объекта оценивается с помощью теоремы Байеса. Предлагаемая модель учитывает три фактора стохастической ситуации: информационную неопределённость в сигнале, ложные сигналы, погрешность измерений датчиков. Область применения данной ситуационной модели: цифровая железная дорога, интеллектуальные транспортные системы, транспортные кибер-физические системы

Развилки углеродного регулирования

There are 1800 climate change laws around the world. In recent years, the rapid increase in carbon emissions has caused global warming and climate pollution, causing serious harm to social development and human health. Reducing carbon emissions is getting a lot of attention. Since the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, many countries have made efforts to reduce carbon emissions.The article describes the international processes intended to adopt regulations on greenhouse gas emissions, including the regulated market for quotas and the voluntary market for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The emphasis is on European and Russian quota mechanisms. The stages of development of transborder carbon regulation in the EU are highlighted. It is noted that in Russia, the leader in application of ESG criteria is JSC Russian Railways, as a company that is consistently pursuing the transition to implementing the principles of sustainable development.The conclusions on international trends in development of carbon regulation are followed by proposals on solutions regarding problematic aspects of the new Russian carbon legislation. According to the authors, the target scenario remains the transition to a new technological structure ensuring a real reducing the carbon footprint.В мире существует 1800 законов об изменении климата. В последние годы стремительный рост выбросов углерода вызвал глобальное потепление и загрязнение климата, что наносит серьезный вред развитию общества и здоровью человека. Сокращение выбросов углерода привлекает большое внимание. После подписания Киотского протокола и Парижского соглашения многие страны предприняли усилия по сокращению выбросов углерода.В статье дано описание международных процессов регулирования парниковых выбросов, в том числе регулируемого рынка квот и добровольного рынка сокращения выбросов парниковых газов. Акцент сделан на европейских и российских механизмах квотирования. Приведены этапы развития трансграничного углеродного регулирования в ЕС. Отмечено, что в России лидером в применении критериев ESG выступает ОАО «РЖД» как компания, которая последовательно осуществляет переход к реализации принципов устойчивого развития.Представлены выводы о международных тенденциях развития углеродного регулирования, а также предложены решения для проблемных аспектов нового российского углеродного законодательства. По мнению авторов, целевым сценарием остается переход на новый технологический уклад с реальным снижением углеродного следа

Vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers and quantum dot lasers

The use of cavity to manipulate photon emission of quantum dots (QDs) has been opening unprecedented opportunities for realizing quantum functional nanophotonic devices and also quantum information devices. In particular, in the field of semiconductor lasers, QDs were introduced as a superior alternative to quantum wells to suppress the temperature dependence of the threshold current in vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs). In this work, a review of properties and development of semiconductor VECSEL devices and QD laser devices is given. Based on the features of VECSEL devices, the main emphasis is put on the recent development of technological approach on semiconductor QD VECSELs. Then, from the viewpoint of both single QD nanolaser and cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED), a single-QD-cavity system resulting from the strong coupling of QD cavity is presented. A difference of this review from the other existing works on semiconductor VECSEL devices is that we will cover both the fundamental aspects and technological approaches of QD VECSEL devices. And lastly, the presented review here has provided a deep insight into useful guideline for the development of QD VECSEL technology and future quantum functional nanophotonic devices and monolithic photonic integrated circuits (MPhICs).Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:0904.369

The laminar-turbulent transition in a fibre laser

Studying the transition from a linearly stable coherent laminar state to a highly disordered state of turbulence is conceptually and technically challenging, and of great interest because all pipe and channel flows are of that type. In optics, understanding how a system loses coherence, as spatial size or the strength of excitation increases, is a fundamental problem of practical importance. Here, we report our studies of a fibre laser that operates in both laminar and turbulent regimes. We show that the laminar phase is analogous to a one-dimensional coherent condensate and the onset of turbulence is due to the loss of spatial coherence. Our investigations suggest that the laminar-turbulent transition in the laser is due to condensate destruction by clustering dark and grey solitons. This finding could prove valuable for the design of coherent optical devices as well as systems operating far from thermodynamic equilibrium

Constraints on the χ_(c1) versus χ_(c2) polarizations in proton-proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV

The polarizations of promptly produced χ_(c1) and χ_(c2) mesons are studied using data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in proton-proton collisions at √s=8  TeV. The χ_c states are reconstructed via their radiative decays χ_c → J/ψγ, with the photons being measured through conversions to e⁺e⁻, which allows the two states to be well resolved. The polarizations are measured in the helicity frame, through the analysis of the χ_(c2) to χ_(c1) yield ratio as a function of the polar or azimuthal angle of the positive muon emitted in the J/ψ → μ⁺μ⁻ decay, in three bins of J/ψ transverse momentum. While no differences are seen between the two states in terms of azimuthal decay angle distributions, they are observed to have significantly different polar anisotropies. The measurement favors a scenario where at least one of the two states is strongly polarized along the helicity quantization axis, in agreement with nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics predictions. This is the first measurement of significantly polarized quarkonia produced at high transverse momentum