Child Care Literacy Scale for Mothers

This study aimed to develop a Childcare Literacy Scale for Mothers with Infants and Children (CLMIC) and verify its reliability and validity. Using a 28-item childcare literacy measurement scale proposed after a preliminary survey, an anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted. Participants were mothers who came to the city’s infant health checkups ; 211 people were included in the analysis. Cronbach’s α was used to verify reliability. To verify the validity, exploratory factor analysis was performed as construct validity. Following factor analysis of 28 items on the childcare literacy measurement scale, 4 factors and 24 items were adopted. For all factors, Cronbach’s α were greater than or equal to .80. CLMIC and Communicative and Critical Health Literacy, Health Literacy Scale for Women of Reproductive Age, and Japanese Short-Form-8-Item Health Survey showed significant positive correlations. CLMIC and Japanese Parenting Stress Index Short Form indicated a significant negative correlation. The reliability and validity of the developed CLMIC were confirmed. It was shown to be a useful scale that can contribute to health behaviors that protect against child-rearing stress and promote child safety and security, valuing the unique perspective of child-rearing that is appropriate for Japanese mothers

母親のヘルスリテラシーを測定している尺度に関する文献検討

目的：近年，健康や医療に関する情報を入手，理解，評価，活用して健康に結びつく意思決定ができる力であるヘルスリテラシーが健康を決める力として注目されている．本研究では，母親の育児に関するヘルスリテラシーを把握できる尺度の必要性を検討するため，国内外で母親のヘルスリテラシーを測定している尺度について，その特徴と関連する要因について明らかにすることにした． 方法：2018年10月にPubMed，医学中央雑誌の２データベースを使用し，MeSH Termsを用いて1990年から2018年の母親のヘルスリテラシーに焦点をあてた文献を検索した． 結果：16件の英語文献が抽出された．米国における研究が14件で最も多く，日本人を対象とした研究はなかった．多く用いられていた測定尺度は，母親を対象に開発された尺度ではなく，広く成人を対象に用いられている尺度であり，基本的な識字能力をみる機能的リテラシーを測定する尺度であった．母親のヘルスリテラシーの関連要因として，母親の年齢や教育，社会経済的状態など先行研究と同様の結果と子どもへの薬の投薬方法，子どもの睡眠状況や疾患の症状，重症度など子どもの健康に関連する特徴的な結果が得られた． 考察：本研究の結果，母親のヘルスリテラシーを高めることの必要性が示唆された．しかし，母親のヘルスリテラシーを測定していた尺度は，元々それを測定するために開発されたものではなく，どのような対象でも汎用性がある尺度であった．そこで，一定の社会保障が確保され，識字率が高い日本の母親を対象とした信頼性と妥当性のあるヘルスリテラシー測定尺度の開発が必要である．また，今後は健康や医療に関する情報はもちろん，子どもとのつながりを重視した育児に焦点をあてた母親の育児に関するヘルスリテラシーを適切に把握できる尺度の開発が必要であると考える．Objective: In recent years, health literacy – which empowers people to make better health decisions through the reception, understanding, evaluation, and utilization of information about health and medicine – is garnering attention as a driver of health. This study aimed to investigate the need for measures that assess health literacy regarding child rearing in mothers and to clarify the characteristics of current health literacy measures in Japan and abroad, as well as factors related to health literacy. Method: In October 2018, we conducted a search for studies focused on health literacy in mothers published between 1990 to 2018 using Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms in two databases, PubMed and Igaku Chuo Zasshi. Results: The search returned 16 studies in English. Most (n=14) were from the United States and none were conducted on Japanese subjects. The measures used in these studies were not specifically developed for mothers, but functional literacy measures widely used on adults to assess basic literacy. With regards to factors related to health literacy in mothers, the studies supported results from previous work (e.g. mother’s age, education, socioeconomical status) as well as identified characteristic factors related to child health (e.g. children’s sleep conditions, symptoms and severity of disease). Discussion: The results suggested the necessity to improve health literacy in mothers. However, the measures used to examine health literacy in mothers were not originally designed for that purpose; instead, they were versatile measures applicable for a wide range of subjects. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a health literacy measurement scale with reliability and adequacy for Japanese mothers with a certain level of social security and high literacy rate. In addition to distributing information on health and medicine, developing measures for grasping health literacy appropriately regarding child rearing in mothers – particularly with emphasis on the importance of the connection with the child – is a crucial area of future work

Strengths Measurement Scale

This study aimed to develop a Strengths Measurement Scale (SMS) for assessment of people in the process of transforming their own lifestyle, and to examine the reliability and validity of the SMS. This is to establish a foothold for introducing the Strengths Model into health guidance for the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases. We conducted an anonymous, voluntary questionnaire survey with our SMS comprising 38 items proposed in a preliminary investigation. In total, 1,339 Japanese adults participated, and responses from 1,160 participants (effective response rate of 86.6%) were analyzed. We calculated Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for testing the reliability. To test the validity, we examined the construct validity through exploratory factor analyses. Based on the results of the factor analysis performed on the 38 question items of the SMS, we adopted four factors and 36 question items. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of all the factors were 0.80 or above. There were significant, positive correlations between the SMS and the Modified Perceived Health Competence Scale (PHCS), and between the SMS and the Adolescent Resilience Scale (ARS). The reliability and validity of the SMS for the lifestyle transformation process were confirmed, suggesting that the scale is applicable to health guidance for preventing lifestyle-related diseases

The strengths of women in the process of lifestyle transformation

目的：本研究では，生活習慣の変容過程において女性のもつストレングスの内容を明らかにすることを目的とする． 方法：本研究に同意を得られた３０歳代から６０歳代の女性９人を対象とした．データ収集は，インタビューガイドに基づき一人当たり約３０分間から１時間の半構造化面接により行った．対象者の言葉を逐語録に起こし，生活習慣変容過程において本人のもつストレングスの内容を質的帰納的に分析した．研究にあたっては，所属機関の臨床研究倫理審査委員会の承認を得た． 結果：生活習慣変容過程における女性のストレングスとして，【長期的展望で自分の生き方をみつめる力】，【人との関わりの中で自分自身の存在を認識する力】，【きっかけがあれば生活習慣の変容に向けて行動できるという自己認識力】，【ストレスに対応しコントロールする力】，【自分の傾向や生活を分析する力】，【試行錯誤を繰り返し再構築していく力】の６カテゴリが抽出された． 考察：生活習慣変容過程における女性のストレングスは，男性に焦点をあてた先行研究と類似していた．そして，ストレングスは，過去・現在・未来へと続く時間軸の中で，他者との相互作用により引き出されていた．さらに，ストレングスの内容は認識面にとどまらず，“コーピング”“分析”“再構築”といった行動面をも含んでいた．本研究結果より，生活習慣病予防のための保健指導に，ストレングスの概念を取り入れることの重要性が示唆された．Purpose：The purpose of this study is to clarify the strengths of Japanese women in their lifestyle transformation process. Methods：Participants were total of ９ women（age ３０s‐６０s）, obtained consent for this study. The design of this study is a qualitative inductive research. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Interview time needed about ３０ minutes to１hour per person. This study was approved by the clinical ethic board of the institution to which the authors belong. Results：The results of the qualitative inductive analysis showed six categories of the strengths : A long-term perspective on one’s own life ; Mutual human relationship with others ; Self-efficacy enabling one to take actions ; Ability to cope with stress in daily life ; Analyzing own character and lifestyle ; and Conducting feasible action through trial and error. Discussion：The strengths of the women in lifestyle transformation process were similar to the previous studies that focused on the men. And the strengths were brought out from the interaction with others in the time axis of past, present and future. In addition, The contents of the strengths included not only the recognition side but also the action side such as “coping” “analysis” “reconstruction”. These findings suggest the importance to introduce the concept of strength in the health guidance for prevention of lifestyle disease

Relationship between the Contentment of Mothers of Infants with Parenting Advice and Their Recognition in Judging Credibility

Background: This study sought to clarify the contentment of mothers of infants with parenting advice, judgment regarding credibility of parenting advice, and the relationship between such contentment and judgment. Methods: We conducted an anonymous, self-reported questionnaire-based survey from April to June 2016, targeting 1,118 mothers of infants in Prefecture A. The questions covered basic attributes, contentment with parenting advice, and judging the credibility of such advice. Descriptive statistics were compiled for each factor. A t-test was performed to examine the relationship between contentment with parenting advice and judging the credibility of parenting advice. This study was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee of Tokushima University Hospital. Results: The questionnaires were returned by 272 subjects (collection rate of 24.3%), with 265 determined as valid (valid response rate of 23.7%). The mean score for contentment concerning parenting advice was 6.17 (standard deviation: ±1.69). More than 80% of the subjects indicated being able to select credible parenting advice, and more than 70% had sought professional consultation about childrearing. However, among subjects who had not sought professional consultation, some had wanted to seek professional consultation but had not been able to do so. Relating contentment to judging the credibility of parenting advice, the mean contentment scores of the subjects who felt able to select credible parenting advice were significantly higher than the scores of those who did not (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Although study participants’ contentment relating to parenting advice seemed higher than that of teenage mothers, their levels of contentment appeared insufficient. Additionally, some subjects wanted to seek professional consultation about childrearing but could not. Furthermore, mothers who reported being able to select credible parenting advice were found to obtain and apply sufficient parenting advice, compared to those who did not feel the same confidence

Evaluation of estimation of lung cancer screening rate in questionnaire group and non-selected group

本研究は，がん検診が始まる前に行われたアンケート調査が受診率に与える影響を検討することと，はがき調査回答者の受診状況のデータを基に，母集団の受診率を推計するときの問題点を検討することを目的とした．われわれが行った先行研究の，A市の肺がん検診対象者（地域検診と任意型・職域検診）の４０歳から５９歳までの１９００６人を対象とし２０００人を無作為抽出（アンケート群）し，アンケート調査およびはがき調査を行った結果を解析した．アンケート群と非抽出群における実際の肺がん地域検診受診率の差を検討した．さらに，受診後に行われたはがき調査から任意型・職域検診の受診率の推定を行った．地域検診受診率は，アンケート群では１４．５％で非抽出群の６．７％と比較して有意に高かった（p＜０．０１）．任意型・職域検診受診率は，はがき調査から推定でき，アンケート群で９．０％となり，非抽出群の４．２％と比較して有意に高かった（p＜０．０１）．はがき調査による地域検診受診者数は６０人で，A市による調査実数６１人とほぼ一致した．その時の受診率は５４．１％で，実際の受診率と比較して約４倍となった．アンケート群の受診率が非抽出群の受診率よりも有意に高くなったことは，アンケートを行ったこと自体が受診率に影響をもたらしたと考えられた．またアンケートに回答する人は，受診者に多くみられたことから，アンケートによる受診率の推計は回収率に影響された．アンケート結果の解析方法によっては，任意型・職域検診受診率を推計できた．The purposes of this study are to evaluate the effect on the screening rate by questionnaire survey conducted before the cancer screening begins, and to clarify the problem when estimate the screening rate of the population on the data of the examination situation of postcard survey respondents. The data of questionnaire and postcard survey obtained from our previous research where men and women aged ４０ to ５９ years old for lung cancer screening （population screening by municipality “A” city, and occupation-related and opportunistic screening）of１９，００６ were targeted and ２０００ （questionnaire group） were selected by random sampling method, was newly analyzed again. The difference of population screening rate between a questionnaire group and a non-selected group was compared. And occupation-related and opportunistic screening rate was estimated by postcard survey after screening. The population screening rate of １４．５％ for questionnaire group was significantly higher than that for non-selected group of ６．７％ （p＜０．０１）. The occupation-related and opportunistic screening rate was estimated by the postcard reply, and the rate was９．０％ for questionnaire group. The rate was significantly higher than ４．２％ for non-selected group （p＜０．０１）. The consultation number of population screening by postcard reply （６０ persons） was almost corresponding to the actual number by municipality survey （６１persons）. Then the rate by postcard reply was ５４．１％ and was about ４ times compared with the actual screening rate. It might be indicated that only a questionnaire survey affected screening rate because the screening rate for questionnaire group was significantly higher than that for non-selected group. And because almost every consulted people replied to the postcard, the estimated screening rate by postcard survey was affected by collection rate. Occupation-related and opportunistic screening rate could be estimated depending on the analysis of questionnaire result

交代制勤務年数における男性更年期症状とその背景としての生活習慣

Background: There are various health problems in rotating shift workers. There have been few studies on the associations of male climacteric symptoms with duration of working and lifestyle. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the differences in male climacteric symptoms depending on the number of working years and to determine whether lifestyle habits differ depending on the number of working years in rotating shift workers. Methods: We collected participant’s data from the manufacturing companies in Japan during the period from March to May in 2017. We conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey in 1561 male rotating night shift workers. Male climacteric symptoms were evaluated by using the Aging Males’ Symptoms (AMS) rating scale. We analyzed 636 rotating shift workers aged over 40 years old whose all AMS data was collected. Results: A significant difference in psychological AMS score was found between men who had worked for 10 - 19 years (9.4 ± 3.9) and men who had worked for more than 40 years (7.6 ± 3.0) (p = 0.011). Sexual functional AMS score significantly differed depending on the number of working years (less than 10 years: 8.1 ± 3.9, 10 - 19 years: 9.8 ± 4.1, 20 - 29 years: 7.9 ± 3.3, 30 - 39 years: 9.3 ± 3.5, more than 40 years: 9.3 ± 3.5) (p < 0.001). The proportion of workers with a balanced meal intake was significantly lower in men who had worked for less than 10 years and the proportions of such workers were significantly higher in men who had worked for 10 - 19 years and for more than 40 years. The proportions of men who did not drink alcohol were high in men who had worked for less than 10 years and 20 - 29 years and low in men who had worked more than 30 years. Conclusion: Psychological AMS score and sexual functional AMS score are significantly different among the 5 groups according to the number of working years on rotating shift. In addition, well-balanced diet on day shift and reduction of alcohol drinking is a related-factor for long-term rotating night shift workers

Knowledge and risk perception of radiation for Japanese nursing students after the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant disaster

Background: The Japanese have had three experiences of radiation disasters: the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, and the 2011 Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant disaster. The former two experiences have been covered in compulsory education programs. In light of these incidents, a strong fear of radiation has pervaded people of several generations. In such a situation, the role of nurses is important. When nurses treat residents, their attitudes change depending on how they understand and feel about radiation. The foundations of these attitudes are formed through student education. Hence, it is necessary to explore nursing students' understanding and risk perception of radiation, and the nature of radiation education received. Objectives: To assess the levels of understanding and risk perception of nursing students regarding radiation. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: A questionnaire survey was administered to all students (74 first-year, 79 second-year, 65 third-year, and 69 fourth-year students) in the nursing department of a Japanese national university. The response rate was 84%. Respondents were asked to rate their level of understanding of 50 phrases chosen from two supplementary texts about radiation for elementary school students and for middle and high school students, prepared by the Japanese Ministry. Further, they were asked to rate their risk perception for 30 events, and to answer six questions about radiation. Results: It was found that knowledge about radiation among Japanese nursing students was poor, because sufficient radiation education had not been provided. Hence, they displayed a greater fear of X-rays as compared to American students and members of the League of Woman Voters. However, it was also found that an increase in understanding might decrease risk perception. Conclusions: It was concluded that nursing students require adequate education about radiation, in order to reduce their fear of X-rays and to mitigate their risk perception

Current status of disaster awareness among mothers with infants : comparison before and after attending a disaster prevention seminar

目的：本研究の目的は，防災セミナーを受講した乳幼児をもつ母親の防災意識と，受講前後での防災意識の変化を明らかにすることである． 方法：A 県内で乳幼児をもつ母親を対象に複合災害に関するオンラインセミナーを開催し，セミナー前後でWeb アンケート調査を実施した．調査内容は，基本属性，複合災害の知識と情報源，防災意識，災害への備えについて等である．分析方法は，各調査項目の記述統計，セミナー受講前後の防災意識については対応のあるt 検定を用いた． 結果：分析対象者は27名である．複合災害について，あまり知らない，知らないと回答した者は９割を超え，知っている者は１割にも満たなかった．その情報源は，テレビ・ラジオが７割で最も多かった．防災意識については，セミナー受講後に尺度得点が有意に上昇（p ＜.001）し，因子毎の分析では，第１因子「被災状況に対する想像力」，第３因子「他者指向性」で防災意識が上昇し有意差を認めた（第１因子，第３因子：p ＜.001）．災害への備えについては，セミナー受講後に全ての項目で新たに準備したいと思う準備物品が増加し，おもちゃや離乳食等，子どものための物も増加した． 考察：本調査では，乳幼児をもつ母親の複合災害に関する知識不足や，子どものための災害への備えが十分ではない現状が明らかとなった．セミナー受講後に，防災意識や災害時の備えに対する認識が向上したことから，本セミナーが防災意識の向上に有効である可能性が示唆された．今後，母子とその家族を対象にした複合災害に関する普及啓発活動や，防災意識を防災行動へと繋げるための効果的なアプローチ方法の検証等，地域における継続した取り組みの必要性が示唆された．Objective : To determine the levels of disaster awareness among mothers of infants and toddlers, and the changes in such awareness after their participation in a disaster seminar. Methods : We conducted an online seminar on disaster prevention for mothers of infants and toddlers in prefecture A, and administered a web-based questionnaire survey before and after the seminar. The questions sought to obtain information on the participants’ basic attributes as well as their knowledge and sources of information on complex disasters, disaster awareness, and disaster preparedness. We used descriptive statistics and a corresponding t-test to analyze changes in disaster awareness and demonstrate changes in perceptions of preparedness. Results : Among the 27 participants, over 90% had little or no knowledge about complex disasters. Less than 10% had some knowledge. The most common sources of information about complex disasters were television and radio, comprising a total of 70%. Disaster preparedness scores increased significantly （p <.001） after the seminar. Furthermore, factor analysis demonstrated a significant increase and differences in Factors 1, and 3, that is, “imagination of disaster situation,” and “other-orientedness” （Factors 1 and 3 : p <.001）. The number of items that the respondents wanted to prepare for themselves and their children（ e.g., toys and baby food） increased in all categories after the seminar. Discussion : This study revealed that the participants lacked knowledge regarding complex disasters and were inadequately prepared to face such disasters with their children. As the participants’ disaster awareness and preparedness increased after the seminar, the seminar could be considered effective. Our findings suggest the need for continued disaster-related efforts in the community, including the implementation of awareness-raising activities for mothers, children, and their families regarding complex disasters, as well as the verification of approaches that effectively lead from disaster prevention awareness to concrete action

Analysis of the learning-targets of the nursing university students during practicum of community health nursing

【目的】本研究の目的は，地域看護学実習において，看護系大学で学ぶ４年次学生がどのような学習目標を持って臨んでいるのかを明らかにすることである． 【方法】地域看護学実習開始１ヵ月前に，実習要項に沿って実習目標および方法について説明を受けた後，学生９２人が考え，記載した学習目標（保健所実習で学びたいこと，市町村実習で学びたいこと）の内容を分類した． 【倫理的配慮】学生には，研究目的を説明したうえで，研究への協力の有無は成績評価とは無関係であること，研究資料としての提供は自由意志であること，協力の諾否により不利益はもたらさないことを説明した．学生の学習目標の内容分類にあたっては，氏名や実習先を伏せ個人を特定できないようにした． 【結果】保健所実習における学習目標は，「保健師の業務や役割の学習」，「保健所の連携機能に注目しての学習」，「健康危機管理についての学習」，「地域の特性を考慮した学習」，「自己の関心に基づく焦点化した課題学習」に分類された．市町村実習における学習目標は，「保健師の業務や役割の学習」，「地域の特性を考慮した学習」，「自己の関心に基づく焦点化した課題学習」に分類された． 【考察】内容は抽象的なものから具体的なレベルのものまであった．市町村の学習目標からは，保健所の場合より地域に密着した保健師活動について学ぼうとする姿勢が窺えた．近年，各市町村が工夫を凝らしたホームページにより詳細な地域情報の提供を行っており，実習地域の事前学習で地域特性をイメージしやすく関心も高まったためと思われる．Purpose : This research is to clarify what learning-targets fourth year nursing university students have during a practicum of community health nursing. Methods : One month prior to the start of the practicum, ９２ students were explained about the practical objectives and methods in line with essential practicum items. The contents of the learning-targets（things they hoped to learn in practical training at healthcare centers and in municipalities）thought up and noted by the students were classified. Ethical Consideration : The students were explained about the research purpose and then the following : the fact that they would not be subject to grade evaluation ; that their provision as a research material was voluntary ; and that whether or not they would cooperate in the research was not to cause any disadvantage to them. In the classification of the learning-targets of the students, their anonymity was secured by concealing their private information such as name and the place of practical training. Results : In the practical training at healthcare centers, the learning-targets were classified as : “Learning of the duty and role of a public health nurse”, “Learning of the collaborative function of healthcare centers as a key focus”, “Learning of health risk management”, “Learning with consideration on community characteristics”, and “Task-oriented learning based on the focus of one’s own interest”. In the practical training in municipalities, the learning-targets were classified as : “Learning of the duty and role of a public health nurse”, “Learning with consideration on community characteristics”, and “Task-oriented learning based on the focus of one’s own interest”. Discussion : The contents of the learning-targets ranged from abstract ones to specific ones. The learning-targets in the practical training in municipalities indicated the active attitude of the students to learn the work of public health nurses which was linked to the community more than healthcare centers were. In recent years, each municipality provides its own regional information through its ingenious homepage. In the prior study on the place for practical training, this is believed to have helped the students image the community characteristics and consequently take a better interest in the place