Japan-New Zealand Trade and Fishery Frictions: Some Characteristics and Implications

The greatest friction in trade and fishery between Japan and New Zealand was the Total Economic Relationship, which was insisted by the PM of NZ. NZ wanted to export dairy foods in exchange for admitting fishing. Both governments experienced a long and tough negotiation. Recently frictions have happened in various sectors, such as Environmental and Food Customs. The friction looks broad and dangerous. In spite of the emotional reactions, however, I don't think that is a serious problem. Both sides should know the importance and the character. If both sides do not respond correctly, trade will stagnate in the future.Trade and Fishery Friction, Total Economic Relationship, Trade negotiation, Environmental Friction, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade,

Functional organisation of anterior thoracic stretch receptors in the deep-sea isopod Bathynomus doederleini: Behavioural, morphological and physiological studies

The relationship between segmental mobility and the organisation of thoracic stretch receptors was examined in the deep-sea isopod Bathynomus doederleini, which shows a developed adaptive behaviour during digging. The movements of segments during digging were analysed from video recordings, which showed that a large excursion occurred in the anterior thoracic segments. Dyefills of axons revealed four types of thoracic stretch receptor (TSR): an N-cell type (TSR-1), a differentiated Ncell type (TSR-2), a muscle receptor organ (MRO)-type with a long, single receptor muscle (TSR-3) and an MROtype with a short, single receptor muscle (TSR-4 to TSR-7). Physiologically, TSR-1 and TSR-2 are tonic-type stretch receptors. TSR-3 to TSR-7 show two kinds of stretchactivated responses, a tonic response and a phasico-tonic response in which responses are maintained as long as the stretch stimulus is delivered. Both TSR-2, with a long muscle strand, and TSR-3, with a single, long receptor muscle, have a wide dynamic range in their stretchactivated response. In addition, TSR-2 is controlled by an intersegmental inhibitory reflex from TSR-3. These results suggest that, although TSR-1 has no receptor muscle and TSR-2 has a less-differentiated receptor-like muscle, they are fully functional position detectors of segmental movements, as are the MRO-type receptors TSR-3 to TSR-7.</p

Investigation of the Superconducting Gap Structure in SrFe2_2(As0.7_{0.7}P0.3_{0.3})2_2 by Magnetic Penetration Depth and Flux Flow Resistivity Analysis

We measured the microwave surface impedances and obtained the superfluid density and flux flow resistivity in single crystals of a phosphor-doped iron-based superconductor SrFe$_2$(As$_{1-x}$P$_{x}$)$_2$ single crystals ($x=0.30$, $T_c=25 \mathrm{K}$). At low temperatures, the superfluid density, $n_s (T)/n_s(0)$, obeys a power law, $n_s (T)/n_s (0)=1-C(T/T_c)^n$, with a fractional exponent of $n=1.5$-1.6. The flux flow resistivity was significantly enhanced at low magnetic fields. These features are consistent with the presences of both a gap with line nodes and nodeless gaps with a deep minimum. The remarkable difference observed in the superconducting gap structure between SrFe$_2$(As$_{1-x}$P$_{x}$)$_2$ and BaFe$_2$(As$_{1-x}$P$_{x}$)$_2$ in our experiments is important for clarifying the mechanism of iron-based superconductivity

Peripheral targets of centrally located putative accessory neurons of MRO in the isopod Ligia exotica

The three centrally located putative accessory neurons of the muscle receptor organ (MRO) of the isopod Ligia exotica were identified to the third segmental nerve (N3) of the thoracic ganglion by backfilling with Lucifer Yellow. These neurons were then studied intracellularly and extracellularly to determine whether they suppressed the stretch-activated responses of thoracic stretch receptors. Intracellular injection of depolarizing currents into these three putative accessory neurons revealed that only neuron #3 had an inhibitory effect, suggesting that it is an inhibitory accessory neuron related to thoracic stretch receptors. We searched for the peripheral targets of neurons #1 and #2 by intracellular filling with Lucifer Yellow or by recording of junctional potentials in extensor muscles, and show that they are motor neurons that innervate the deep extensor and superficial extensor muscles, respectively.</p

Systemic production of foreign peptides on the particle surface of tobacco mosaic virus

AbstractBy using a new tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) vector [Hamamoto, H., et al. (1993) Bio/Technology, 11, 930–932], we have constructed TMV particles which present three different kinds of epitopes, two of them from influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), and one from human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-I) envelope protein, on the surface of the particles. Each of these TMV particles reacted with each anti-peptide antiserum. These results suggest that this TMV vector can be used as an antigen presentation system