Against the tyranny of PowerPoint: Technology-in-use and technology abuse

Over the past five years, PowerPoint has emerged as a powerful piece of communication technology, having profound consequences on presentations (business and educational), classroom communication and, possibly, on the nature of lecturing itself. An analysis of the ways in which PowerPoint is used offers considerable insights into, first, the nature of educational technologies and their organizational implementations, second, the effect of these technologies on the construction and dissemination of organizational knowledge, and, third, on the qualities and skills of a society of spectacle, where a great deal of organizational knowledge assumes the form of visual representations. Using illustrations from his personal experience, the author examines some uses to which the software is put and some of its potential short-comings. These include the parcelling of knowledge into bullet-points, reliance on visual aids to support weak analysis and the forced linearity of argumentation that limits improvisation, digression and inventiveness. The author, however, argues that PowerPoint can be used more creatively, to build on our culture’s emphasis on spectacle and image and related multi-tasking skills that lecturers and students develop. In this manner, PowerPoint can redefine the nature of a lecture, from the authoritative presentation of a text into a multi-media performance that elicits a critical, creative and active response from its audience

Tumour necrosis factor - alpha mediated mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction

Background: Tumour necrosis factor - alpha (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that combines a plethora of activities in the early stages of an immune response. TNF-α has gained increasing importance given TNF-α upregulation in multiple brain pathologies like neuropsychiatric conditions such as depression, schizophrenia, as well as neuroinflammatory disorder like multiple sclerosis (MS).\ud \ud Aim: The aim of this review is to critically analyse neurobiological, immunological and molecular mechanisms through which TNF-α influences the development of cognitive dysfunction.\ud \ud Principal findings/results: The review presents several lines of original research showing that the immunological properties of TNF-α exacerbate inflammatory responses in the central nervous system such as microglial and endothelial activation, lymphocytic and monocytic infiltration and the expression of downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic factors. Depression, schizophrenia, and MS all manifest symptoms of activated immune response along with cognitive dysfunction, with TNF-α overexpression as a central clinical feature common to these disorders. Furthermore, TNF-α acts negatively on neuroplasticity and the molecular mechanisms of memory and learning (i.e., long-term potentiation and long-term depression). TNF-α also exerts influence over the production of neurotrophins (i.e., nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor), neurogenesis, and dendritic branching.\ud \ud Conclusions/significance: This review outlines that TNF-α and its receptors have a substantial yet underappreciated influence on the development and progression of neuropsychiatric symptoms across several disease entities. An improved understanding of these underlying mechanisms may help develop novel therapeutic targets in the form of drugs specifically targeting downstream products of TNF-α activation within the central nervous system

Dengue

Lecture 49 ISBN e-book : 9781615045754International audienc