In vitro Assessment of the Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Psidium Guajava

Observable significant revisit of ancient approach to prophylaxis and anaphylaxis (herbaltherapy), though with modern dimensions of study envelopes our world of research today. Reports on the medicinal use of parts of Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae), including leaves and stem barks have been reported in, and beyond Africa. Air dried leaves of P. guajava were powdered and extracted with 95%v/v methanol by maceration, and the extract concentrated at 40oC using Rotary evaporator. The weight of the extracted plant material was recorded for yield calculations. In vitro assessment of the ability of the extract to scavenge the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and the synthetic radical 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was determined with reference to the synthetic antioxidant Buthylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Plant extract showed concentration- dependent scavenging activity on all reactive species used. Scavenging activity of plant extract on hydrogen peroxide and superoxide was more than that of BHA on same. However, BHA showed greater DPPH scavenging activity than plant extract

In vitro assessment of antioxidant activity of Newbouldia laevis

Poverty, drug resistance and other factors including increasing difficulty in the control of mosquitoes (the vector of the causative organism of malaria), have led to a growing interest in phytochemical research. The antioxidant activity of Newbouldia laevis stem bark was investigated. Air dried stem bark of N. laevis was powdered and extracted with 95 % v/v methanol by maceration, and the extract concentrated at 40oC using rotary evaporator. The total phenolic composition of methanolic extract of air dried stem bark was estimated using spectrophotometric method. Antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated on the basis of its ability to prevent the oxidation of _-carotene and the strength of its ferric reducing capacity also determined. Phenolic composition was calculated to be approximately 35%. Plant extract showed concentration - dependent antioxidant activity and ferric reducing power. Plant extract achieved a maximum antioxidant activity of 4% within 40 min. The total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and reducing power of the extract had direct relationship

Comparative in vitro assessment of the antiplasmodial activity of quinine – zinc complex and quinine sulphate

Incessant malaria endemicity in the tropics and subtropical regions and the recent work done on the synthesis of metal drug complexes of antimalarial drugs and the evaluation of their antimalarial activities in vitro, has led to the development of this study. Quinine-Zinc complex (QZ) was synthesized using a modification of Singla and Wadhwa method. Melting point determination, TLC analysis, infra red, ultra violet, atomic absorption spectroscopy and mole ratio determination were all carried out on the complex synthesized. Direct measurement of the antimalarial activity of the potential new drug (QZ) against parasite growth in vitro was used to comparatively ascertain the antimalarial activity of QZ relative to Quinine sulphate (QS). Measurement of antimalarial activity was carried out based on the inhibition of parasite growth with respect to inhibition of schizont formation in freshly collected infected blood samples from patients. The results showed that QZ complex was formed and its antimalarial activity was three times that of QS alone. This study suggests that the quinine-zinc complex could have a better therapeutic activity than quinine

Assessment of the Scavenging Activity of Crude Methanolic Stem Bark Extract of Newbouldia Laevis on Selected Free Radicals

From ancient times, the therapeutic application of medicinal plants, also known as alternative medicine has been popular. Today, biological research has shown that this practice of phytotherapy will remain with man for sometime. Some medicinal applications of parts of Newbouldia laevis are known. Air dried leaves of N. laevis (Bignoniaceae) were powdered and extracted with 95%v/v methanol by maceration, and the extract concentrated at 40oC using Rotary evaporator. The weight of the extracted plant material was noted for the purpose of calculating yield. In vitro assessment of the ability of the extract to scavenge the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and the synthetic radical 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was determined. Buthylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), a synthetic antioxidant was used as a positive control. Plant extract showed concentration- dependent scavenging activity on all reactive species used. Scavenging activity of plant extract on hydrogen peroxide and superoxide was more than that of BHA on same. However, BHA was more effective at scavenging DPPH radical than plant extract

Morinda Lucida: Antioxidant and Reducing Activities of Crude Methanolic Stem Bark Extract

The antioxidant activity of Morinda lucida (Benth.) stem bark was investigated. Air dried stem bark of Morinda lucida was powdered and extracted with 95 % v/v methanol and the extract concentrated at 40oC using rotary evaporator. The total phenolic composition of methanolic extract of air - dried stem bark was estimated using spectrophotometric method. Phenolic composition was calculated to be approximately 80 %. Antioxidant activity of the extract was determined using its ability to prevent the oxidation of â-carotene. Ferric reducing ability of extract was also determined. Antioxidant and ferric reducing activities exhibited by plant extract were concentration dependent. Plant extract achieved a maximum antioxidant activity of 6% within 40minutes. The total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and reducing power of the extract had direct relationship

Phytochemical Screening and in vivo antioxidant activity of Ethanolic extract of caesalpinia bondus (L.) Roxb

Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity in vivo and lipid peroxidation of 75 % ethanolic extract of young twigs and leaves of Caesalpinia bonduc were carried out by chemical test, and assessment of catalase and peroxidase activities and lipid peroxidation in Wistar rats after oral administration of different concentrations of the plant extract for ten days. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of all major classes of phytochemicals: tannins, flavonoids, saponin, steroids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, glycosides, except phlobatannins. There were significant (p<0.05) graded increase in catalase and peroxidase activities and decrease in TBARS concentrations in the extract tested rats in comparison with normal control, Vitamin C and amodiaquine tested rats. The various pharmacological activities of C. bonduc may be due to its antioxidant activity

Antiplasmodial flavonoid from young twigs and leaves of Caesalpinia bonduc (Linn) Roxb

Young twigs and leaves of Caesalpinia bonduc (Linn) Roxb is used in the Southwestern part of Nigeria, as an antimalarial medicinal decoction together with other medicinal plant. In order to discover new antimalaria drug or drug lead and also to verify the traditional use of C. bonduc in this area, the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of crude extract, solvent fractions and compounds isolated from C. bonduc were investigated. In vitro antiplasmodial evaluation was carried out using chloroquine sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum FCR-3 and selective toxicity determination was investigated using sensitivity study on Mouse mammary tumor FM3A cells as a host model. Ethyl acetate and petroleum ether soluble solvent fractions of C. bonduc showed antiplasmodial activity with EC50 values of 16 and 18 μg/mL and selectivity index (SI) of 0.69 and 0.29 respectively. Bioassay guided fractionation of C. bonduc led to the isolation of seven flavonoids, 7-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-3,11- dehydrohomoisoflavanone (1), 4,4'-dihydroxy-2'-methoxy-chalcone (2), 7,3'-dihydroxy-3,11-dehydrohomoisoflavanone (3), Luteolin (4), quercetin-3-methyl ether (5), Kaempferol-3-O-b-D-xylopyranoside (6)and Kaempferol-3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1®2)-B-D-xylopyranoside (7). Structures of compounds 1 to 7 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Compound 2 exhibited moderate antiplasmodial activity with EC50 and SI values of 33 μM and 0.33 respectively while compounds 1, 3 to 7 showed insignificant antiplasmodial activity. The investigation revealed that the moderate antiplasmodial activity exhibited by the solvent fractions of C. bonduc might be mediated by 4,4'-dihydroxy-2'-methoxy-chalcone

Blockchain Mining Games with Pay Forward

We study the strategic implications that arise from adding one extra option to the miners participating in the bitcoin protocol. We propose that when adding a block, miners also have the ability to pay forward an amount to be collected by the first miner who successfully extends their branch, giving them the power to influence the incentives for mining. We formulate a stochastic game for the study of such incentives and show that with this added option, smaller miners can guarantee that the best response of even substantially more powerful miners is to follow the expected behavior intended by the protocol designer

Evaluation of Biochemical Toxicity and Antioxidant Properties of Pioglitazone on Albino Wistar Rats

Pioglitazone is one of the thiazolidinedione anti-diabetic drugs which have been used for the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. This study aims at investigating the biochemical effects and safety of pioglitazone (PIO) at various concentrations in female Wistar rats. A total of 28 rats were randomly divided into four groups of seven animals each. Groups 1-4 were given 0.5 mL kgG1 b.wt., dayG1 of distilled water as normal control; 15, 30 and 45 mg kgG1 b.wt., dayG1 of PIO, respectively as treatment groups 2, 3 and 4, respectively for 28 days. Using standard biochemical kits and reported chemical procedures, plasma biochemical parameter and organ lipid peroxidation effects were determined in all the groups. There was significant increase (p<0.05) in plasma total protein concentration of group 3 and 4 in comparison with control. There was also significant (p<0.05) reduction in total and LDL cholesterols in PIO-treated groups and concentration of TBARS was reduced in the liver and heart of PIO-treated groups in comparison with normal control. There was no significant alteration in the concentrations and activities of liver and kidney function markers of PIO treated groups in comparison with normal control groups. Pioglitazone at highest concentration of 45 mg kgG1 b.wt., for the duration of 28 days did not elicit any measurable biochemical toxicity on non-diabetic rat mode

Antiplasmodial activity of quinine-zinc complex and chloroquine: A comparative in vitro assessment

The evolving and complicating drug resistance exhibited by strains of Plasmodium falciparum to existing antimalarials like chloroquine and quinine (which are relatively more affordable than recent drugs) and advances in metal-drug complex research instigated this work. The antiplasmodial activity of the Quinine-Zinc complex (QZ) synthesized by a modification of the method of Singla and Wadhwa was assessed relative to that of Chloroquine diphosphate (C) in vitro. Measurement of antiplasmodial activity was carried out based on the inhibition of parasite growth measured by the inhibition of schizont formation in freshly collected infected blood samples from malaria patients. A comparative analysis of the antiplasmodial activity of QZ against C showed that its antiplasmodial activity was significantly better than that of C (p < 0.05). The result of this study suggests that the QZ could have a better therapeutic activity against malaria than C