Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics on Some Hematological and Microbiological Parameters in Laboratory Mice

The study aims was to visualize the effect of dietary supplements (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics) on clinically healthy animals and comparative analysis of hematological and microbiological parameters.Materials and Methods: Were administered daily in four groups of five male mice (about3-4 months), probiotics - group 1 (Eubiotic 1g/b.w.), prebiotic - group 2 (Lactulose 0.66 gram/kg body weight), symbiotic - group 3(combination of Eubiotic and Lactulose) and distillated water - group 4 (control group). Before administration and 13 days after administration microbiological samples were taken from the rectum, hematological analyses were performed (blood cells count, white blood cells differential and blood glucose level); blood was collected from the retrobulbar sinus under anaesthesia with chloroform.Results: The total number of red blood cells was 3.15 and 6.3 T/L and the WBC 3.05 and 8.25 G/L respectively. Administration of the probiotic determined stimulation of the immune system by increasing the total number of white blood cell, increasing of the number of intestinal bacterial species and decreasing of CFU. The prebiotic produced not significant changes of the parameters analysed. In the case of the symbiotic the change was due to the probiotic dose, post-treatment differences are similar to those in group 1 (treated with probiotic) but not so intense.Conclusion: In the present research work, we observed that administration of pro- and prebiotics has not negatively influenced the health of animals. The probiotic produced the most significant growth rate, achieved with a superior feed conversion rat

The Relevance of Mean Blood Samples in Hematological Investigations of Broiler Chickens

= 20) days, using individual and combined blood samples collected on lithium heparin. Theinvestigated parameters consisted of: total number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin concentration,hematocrit, mean erythrocyte constants and leukocyte counts. Macro- and microscopic evaluation of thecombined samples collected from the experimental groups revealed no signs of clotting or hemolysiswhich indicated that they were adequate for processing through classical hematological techniques andalso a good degree of homogeneity between the individuals regarding blood type. RBC parametersshowed minor differences between the combined sample and the mean group values, except forhematocrit, which, in group II, showed a value of 60.00% exceeding the superior confidence interval of95% (52.27%). Differences were also observed in the development of the mean erythrocyte constants,which showed higher values for MCV (220.83 fL respectively 217.39 fL) in case of the combinedsample compared to the means of the groups (193.75 ± 53.86fl and 192.38 ± 49.33 fl), and for MCH(59.21 pg) which, in group I, showed higher levels for the combined sample compared to the meanvalue (50.52 ± 10.68 pg). Leukocyte populations parameters showed differences in the proportion ofheterophils, which, in case of group II, showed a combined sample value (62.00%) above the mean(54.60±8.83%) also exceeding the upper confidence interval (58.73%). In the same group thepercentage of eosinophils found in the combined sample was below the mean value (0.85 ± 1.50%).Monocytes were better represented in case of the combined mean sample for group I (16.00%), thevalue exceeded the upper confidence interval of 95% (11.14%) and also mean of the group (9.21 ±3.99%). Values of the combined blood samples for all the investigated hematological parameters weresimilar to the means of the groups, also being close to the reference values found in literature

Morphological Particularities of Population of Rumen Protozoa in Domestic Ruminants

Introduction: Rumen is a complex ecosystem in which food consumed by ruminants is digested by symbiotic microorganisms. Fermentations result at this level is volatile fatty acids and microbial biomass, which are used by the host as a nutrient substrate. Between ruminal microorganisms (bacteria, protozoa and fungi) and host are diverse interactions (adaptability and symbiosis) which provides advantages in the ability of ruminant digestion. Aims: The main objectives of this study were: development of new methods of fixing, staining and identification of rumen protozoa; morpho-physiological characterization of rumen protozoa subfamilies and genera; investigations of the structure of rumen protozoa populations in domestic ruminants. Materials and methods: Sampling of investigated animals (5 cattle, 5 sheep, and 5 goats) was collected by of ruminal survey method. Rumen fluid was preserved in formalin (18.5%) and MFS (Methyl green-formalin-sodium chlorate). Examination of samples was achieved by performing the native method and stained preparations and then exposed under a microscope (optical and confocal). Criteria for identification of protozoa were: number and location of ciliary areas; cell shape and size; location, number and size of skeletal plates; presence of caudal spines. Results: Rumen protozoa counting results revealed different mean values ​​for the three ruminant species, the highest levels were recorded in goats (7.39 x 106/ml rumen fluid ), followed by cattle (4,958 x 106/ml rumen fluid) and sheep, with much lower averages (1,814 x 106/ml rumen fluid). Conclusion: The analysis of rumen protozoa population identified in cattle, sheep and goats revealed predominance following genres: Isotricha, Dasytricha, Entodinium, Epidinium, Ophryoscolex and some types of subfamily Diplodiniinae (Diplodinium, Eudiplodinium, Poliplastron)

Analysis of statistical parameters used in bioequivalence assessment of a novel generic anthelmintic formula for sheep

Bioequivalence testing is one of the essential procedures used for marketing authorisation of veterinary medicinal products.The aim of this study was to implement a minimum set of statistical parameters in the bioequivalence assessment protocol of two anthelmintic formulas based on Triclabendazole (50 mg/mL) and Ivermectin (1 mg /mL), orally administered to sheep. The study can be synthesized to determine the relative bioavailability and bioequivalence of the two products on 36 clinically healthy sheep, following an unicentric, randomized, cross-over, two-sequence, two-treatment and 14-day wash-out study design. Determination of plasma concentrations of Triclabendazole sulfoxide and Ivermectin was made by two rapid, selective high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. According to the implemented protocol, the statistical analysis of the data obtained corroborated a set of descriptive parameters (mean, standard deviation, interval) for the sample of subjects (age, weight) with pharmacokinetic parameters relevant for the active substances (Cmax, AUClast, AUCtot) with additional parameters (% extrapolated AUC, thalf, MRT) and drug safety (adverse events, clinical and laboratory screening and follow-up examinations). For bioequivalence assessment to all the primary pharmacokinetic parameters considered (Cmax, AUClast), a confidence interval of 90% for the ratio of the population means must be calculated. All these pharmacokinetic parameters were planned for analysis using ANOVA, after the data have been transformed (logarithmic transformation). A reference 90% confidence interval of 0.8 – 1.25 was chosen. The bioequivalence can be concluded if the calculated 90% confidence interval around the ratio of means (Test/Reference) using log transformed data falls within the reference acceptance range of 0.8–1.25 for all primary pharmacokinetic parameters of triclabendazole sulfoxide and ivermectin. Finally, the bioequivalence of the two anthelmintic products and, respectively, the possibility of exchanging information between them in the veterinary therapeutic field is determined on the basis of the relevance of the values obtained in the statistical analyzes, especially of the pharmacokinetic parameters