Effects of Alternative Cropping Patterns and Management Decisions on Soil Erosion and Revenue, Region VII, North Dakota

This report focuses on the economic impact of selected agricultural management policies and the corresponding effect upon soil erosion.Farm Management, Land Economics/Use,

Mining Aircraft Telemetry Data With Evolutionary Algorithms

The Ganged Phased Array Radar - Risk Mitigation System (GPAR-RMS) was a mobile ground-based sense-and-avoid system for Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) operations developed by the University of North Dakota. GPAR-RMS detected proximate aircraft with various sensor systems, including a 2D radar and an Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) receiver. Information about those aircraft was then displayed to UAS operators via visualization software developed by the University of North Dakota. The Risk Mitigation (RM) subsystem for GPAR-RMS was designed to estimate the current risk of midair collision, between the Unmanned Aircraft (UA) and a General Aviation (GA) aircraft flying under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) in the surrounding airspace, for UAS operations in Class E airspace (i.e. below 18,000 feet MSL). However, accurate probabilistic models for the behavior of pilots of GA aircraft flying under VFR in Class E airspace were needed before the RM subsystem could be implemented. In this dissertation the author presents the results of data mining an aircraft telemetry data set from a consecutive nine month period in 2011. This aircraft telemetry data set consisted of Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) data obtained from Garmin G1000 devices onboard every Cessna 172 in the University of North Dakota\u27s training fleet. Data from aircraft which were potentially within the controlled airspace surrounding controlled airports were excluded. Also, GA aircraft in the FDM data flying in Class E airspace were assumed to be flying under VFR, which is usually a valid assumption. Complex subpaths were discovered from the aircraft telemetry data set using a novel application of an ant colony algorithm. Then, probabilistic models were data mined from those subpaths using extensions of the Genetic K-Means (GKA) and Expectation- Maximization (EM) algorithms. The results obtained from the subpath discovery and data mining suggest a pilot flying a GA aircraft near to an uncontrolled airport will perform different maneuvers than a pilot flying a GA aircraft far from an uncontrolled airport, irrespective of the altitude of the GA aircraft. However, since only aircraft telemetry data from the University of North Dakota\u27s training fleet were data mined, these results are not likely to be applicable to GA aircraft operating in a non-training environment

Lower Extremity Activity of Infants with Spina Bifida: Does Context Still Matter

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous research with infants younger than eight months old has shown that the context in which an infant is placed is directly correlated with leg movement frequency. Increased frequency of leg movements has been linked to earlier ambulation. Infants with Spina Bifida (SB) demonstrate decreased leg movements and delayed ambulation compared to typically developing (TD) babies. Spina Bifida is the most common neural tube defect and leads to delayed functional mobility. Guided by the concept of neural plasticity, our goal was to document the ability of 27 to 44 week old infants with lumbar or sacral SB, to spontaneously move their legs and generate kicks - leg movements that involve flexion and extension of the hip and knee joints - when they were supine, seated in a conventional infant seat and seated in a specially designed infant seat. METHODS: Infants with SB between the ages of 27 and 44 weeks of age at entry into the study were videotaped in their homes while they were supine, seated in a conventional seat, and seated in a specially designed seat. The videotaped data, collected once a month for three months, were behavior coded to identify leg movements and kicks. These data were summed and then averaged to obtain a per minute frequency. RESULTS: Our results, consistent with previous research showed that infants with SB generated the most and fewest leg movements and kicks in a special seat and conventional infant seat, respectively. There was not a significant age effect on how often infants moved their legs. There was a moderate correlation between leg movements and kicks with hip abduction, calf circumference, calf skinfold, and thigh skinfold. CONCLUSION: The results from this pilot study can be used by therapists to design treatment plans that facilitate leg movements and kicks. This will enable infants with SB to strengthen the muscles and neural connections that support the functional leg movements needed to walk. In addition, these data suggest that therapists educate parents about the detrimental effects a conventional infant seat may have on their child’s ability to move h/her legs and generate kicks

Confocal laser scanning microscopy for the study of the morphological changes of the postextraction sites

A better understanding of the remodeling process of postextraction sockets is essential in dental treatment planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) can be applied to imaging contour changes of postextraction sites, as well as to its quantification with image analysis of obtained three-dimensional images. This work describes a new application of the CLSM technique. The system used was the OLS3100-USS, LEXT model (Olympus((R))). CLSM was used for the surface analysis of the extraction site. The measurements taken with CLSM were: (1) mesio-distal distance, (2) alveolar ridge thickness, and (3) vestibular and lingual alveolar ridge height. Results of study cast scanning at baseline, 1 and 3 months after tooth extraction, with CLSM are well-detailed images of postextraction areas. The CLSM technique used in study casts is a valid method to measure the dimensional changes that happen in the edentulous area after tooth extraction. This technique allows the evaluation of changes in mesio-distal distance, thickness of the alveolar ridge and alveolar ridge height based on the measurements on the alveolar contours. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:513-519, 2012. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Contract grant sponsor: MEC; Contract grant number: AP2008-01653; Contract grant sponsor: Generalitat Valenciana; Contract grant number: MY08/ISIRM/S/100; Contract grant sponsor: FEDERGarcía Herraiz, A.; Leiva García, R.; Cañigral-Ortíz, A.; Silvestre, FJ.; Garcia-Anton, J. (2012). Confocal laser scanning microscopy for the study of the morphological changes of the postextraction sites. Microscopy Research and Technique. 75(4):513-519. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.21085S513519754Aguilar, M. L., Elias, A., Vizcarrondo, C. E. T., & Psoter, W. J. (2010). Analysis of three-dimensional distortion of two impression materials in the transfer of dental implants. 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Journal of Dentistry, 37(12), 984-993. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2009.08.006Botticelli, D., Berglundh, T., & Lindhe, J. (2004). Hard-tissue alterations following immediate implant placement in extraction sites. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 31(10), 820-828. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00565.xBüyükyilmaz, T., Øgaard, B., Duschner, H., Ruben, J., & Arends, J. (1997). The Caries-Preventive Effect of Titanium Tetrafluoride on Root Surfaces in Situ as Evaluated by Microradiography and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Advances in Dental Research, 11(4), 448-452. doi:10.1177/08959374970110041101Chantawiboonchai, P., Warita, H., Ohya, K., & Soma, K. (1998). Confocal laser scanning-microscopic observations on the three-dimensional distribution of oxytalan fibres in mouse periodontal ligament. Archives of Oral Biology, 43(10), 811-817. doi:10.1016/s0003-9969(98)00057-0Chen, S. Y., Liang, W. M., & Chen, F. N. (2004). Factors affecting the accuracy of elastometric impression materials. Journal of Dentistry, 32(8), 603-609. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2004.04.002Czochrowska, E., �gaard, B., Duschner, H., Ruben, J., & Arends, J. (1998). Cariostatic effect of a light-cured, resin-reinforced glass-ionomer for bonding orthodontic brackets in vivo. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthop�die, 59(5), 265-273. doi:10.1007/bf01321793De Carvalho, F. G., Puppin-Rontani, R. M., Soares, L. E. S., Santo, A. M. E., Martin, A. A., & Nociti-Junior, F. H. (2009). Mineral distribution and CLSM analysis of secondary caries inhibition by fluoride/MDPB-containing adhesive system after cariogenic challenges. Journal of Dentistry, 37(4), 307-314. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2008.12.006Dige, I., Nilsson, H., Kilian, M., & Nyvad, B. (2007). In situ identification of streptococci and other bacteria in initial dental biofilm by confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 115(6), 459-467. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007.00494.xDing, P. G. F., Matzer, A. R. A. H., Wolff, D., Mente, J., Pioch, T., Staehle, H. J., & Dannewitz, B. (2010). Relationship between microtensile bond strength and submicron hiatus at the composite–dentin interface using CLSM visualization technique. Dental Materials, 26(3), 257-263. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.003Etman, M. K. (2009). Confocal Examination of Subsurface Cracking in Ceramic Materials. Journal of Prosthodontics, 18(7), 550-559. doi:10.1111/j.1532-849x.2009.00447.xFavia, G., Pilolli, G. P., & Maiorano, E. (2009). Histologic and histomorphometric features of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: An analysis of 31 cases with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Bone, 45(3), 406-413. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2009.05.008Faria, A. C. L., Rodrigues, R. C. S., Macedo, A. P., Mattos, M. da G. C. de, & Ribeiro, R. F. (2008). Accuracy of stone casts obtained by different impression materials. Brazilian Oral Research, 22(4), 293-298. doi:10.1590/s1806-83242008000400002Fickl, S., Zuhr, O., Wachtel, H., Bolz, W., & Huerzeler, M. (2008). Tissue alterations after tooth extraction with and without surgical trauma: a volumetric study in the beagle dog. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 35(4), 356-363. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01209.xGirija, V., & Stephen, H. C.-Y. (2003). Characterization of lipid in mature enamel using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Journal of Dentistry, 31(5), 303-311. doi:10.1016/s0300-5712(03)00068-xGonzález-Cabezas, C., Fontana, M., Dunipace, A. J., Li, Y., Fischer, G. M., Proskin, H. M., & Stookey, G. K. (1998). Measurement of Enamel Remineralization Using Microradiography and Confocal Microscopy. Caries Research, 32(5), 385-392. doi:10.1159/000016475Goracci, G., Mori, G., & Baldi, M. (1999). Terminal end of the human odontoblast process: a study using SEM and confocal microscopy. Clinical Oral Investigations, 3(3), 126-132. doi:10.1007/s007840050090Grötz, K. A., Duschner, H., Reichert, T. E., de Aguiar, E. G., Götz, H., & Wagner, W. (1998). Histotomography of the odontoblast processes at the dentine-enamel junction of permanent healthy human teeth in the confocal laser scanning microscope. Clinical Oral Investigations, 2(1), 21-25. doi:10.1007/s007840050038Iyama, S., Takeshita, F., Ayukawa, Y., Kido, M. A., Suetsugu, T., & Tanaka, T. (1997). A Study of the Regional Distribution of Bone Formed Around Hydroxyapatite Implants in the Tibiae of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats Using Multiple Fluorescent Labeling and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Journal of Periodontology, 68(12), 1169-1175. doi:10.1902/jop.1997.68.12.1169Kabasawa, M., Ejiri, S., Hanada, K., & Ozawa, H. (1995). Histological Observations of Dental Tissues Using the Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope. Biotechnic & Histochemistry, 70(2), 66-69. doi:10.3109/10520299509108319Kagayama, M., Sasano, Y., Mizoguchi, I., & Takahashi, I. (1997). Confocal microscopy of cementocytes and their lacunae and canaliculi in rat molars. Anatomy and Embryology, 195(6), 491-496. doi:10.1007/s004290050068Lam, R. V. (1960). Contour changes of the alveolar processes following extractions. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 10(1), 25-32. doi:10.1016/0022-3913(60)90083-4LOVE, R. M., & CHANDLER, N. P. (1996). A scanning electron and confocal laser microscope investigation of tetracycline-affected human dentine. International Endodontic Journal, 29(6), 376-381. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.1996.tb01401.xLucchese, A., Pilolli, G. P., Petruzzi, M., Crincoli, V., Scivetti, M., & Favia, G. (2008). Analysis of Collagen Distribution in Human Crown Dentin by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Ultrastructural Pathology, 32(3), 107-111. doi:10.1080/01913120801897216Nishikawa, T., Masuno, K., Mori, M., Tajime, Y., Kakudo, K., & Tanaka, A. (2006). Calcification at the Interface Between Titanium Implants and Bone: Observation With Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Journal of Oral Implantology, 32(5), 211-217. doi:10.1563/799.1Øgaard, B., Duschner, H., Ruben, J., & Arends, J. (1996). Microradiography and confocal laser scanning microscopy applied to enamel lesions formed in vivo with and without fluoride varnish treatment. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 104(4), 378-383. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00095.xPereira, J. R., Murata, K. Y., Valle, A. L. do, Ghizoni, J. S., & Shiratori, F. K. (2010). Linear dimensional changes in plaster die models using different elastomeric materials. Brazilian Oral Research, 24(3), 336-341. doi:10.1590/s1806-83242010000300013Pietrokovski, J., & Massler, M. (1967). Alveolar ridge resorption following tooth extraction. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 17(1), 21-27. doi:10.1016/0022-3913(67)90046-7Pilolli, G. P., Lucchese, A., Maiorano, E., & Favia, G. (2008). New Approach for Static Bone Histomorphometry: Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy of Maxillo-Facial Normal Bone. Ultrastructural Pathology, 32(5), 189-192. doi:10.1080/01913120802397836Pioch, T., Sorg, T., Stadler, R., Hagge, M., & Dörfer, C. E. (2004). Resin penetration through submicrometer hiatus structures: A SEM and CLSM study. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 71B(2), 238-243. doi:10.1002/jbm.b.30021Radlanski, R. J., Renz, H., Willersinn, U., Cordis, C. A., & Duschner, H. (2001). Outline and arrangement of enamel rods in human deciduous and permanent enamel. 3D-reconstructions obtained from CLSM and SEM images based on serial ground sections. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 109(6), 409-414. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0722.2001.00149.xSakakura, Y., Yajima, T., & Tsuruga, E. (1998). Confocal laser scanning and microscopic study of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells in the dental follicle during early morphogenesis of mouse embryonic molar teeth. Archives of Oral Biology, 43(5), 353-360. doi:10.1016/s0003-9969(98)00019-3Scivetti, M., Pilolli, G. P., Corsalini, M., Lucchese, A., & Favia, G. (2007). Confocal laser scanning microscopy of human cementocytes: Analysis of three-dimensional image reconstruction. Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger, 189(2), 169-174. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2006.09.009Sønju Clasen, A. B., Øgaard, B., Duschner, H., Ruben, J., Arends, J., & Sönju, T. (1997). Caries Development in Fluoridated and Non-Fluoridated Deciduous and Permanent Enamel in Situ Examined by Microradiography and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Advances in Dental Research, 11(4), 442-447. doi:10.1177/08959374970110041001Suzuki, K., Aoki, K., & Ohya, K. (1997). Effects of surface roughness of titanium implants on bone remodeling activity of femur in rabbits. Bone, 21(6), 507-514. doi:10.1016/s8756-3282(97)00204-4Takenaka, S., Iwaku, M., & Hoshino, E. (2001). Artificial Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, 7(2), 87-93. doi:10.1007/s101560100014Thongthammachat, S., Moore, B. K., Barco, M. T., Hovijitra, S., Brown, D. T., & Andres, C. J. (2002). Dimensional accuracy of dental casts: Influence of tray material, impression material, and time. Journal of Prosthodontics, 11(2), 98-108. doi:10.1053/jopr.2002.125192Traini, T., Degidi, M., Iezzi, G., Artese, L., & Piattelli, A. (2007). Comparative evaluation of the peri-implant bone tissue mineral density around unloaded titanium dental implants. Journal of Dentistry, 35(1), 84-92. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2006.05.002Van der Weijden, F., Dell’Acqua, F., & Slot, D. E. (2009). 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Factors associated with dental caries among institutionalized residents with schizophrenia in Taiwan: a cross-sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Little research has been done on the relationship between dental caries and the personal characteristics of institutionalized residents diagnosed with schizophrenia. This study investigates the individual and treatment factors associated with the dental caries among institutionalized residents with schizophrenia in Taiwan.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>An oral health survey of institutionalized residents with schizophrenia in the largest public psychiatric hospital was conducted in Taiwan in 2006. Based on this data, multiple logistic analyses were used to determine the relationship between some explanatory variables and the outcome variables of dental caries among subjects with schizophrenia.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Among the 1,108 subjects with schizophrenia, age was the only variable independently associated with DMFT > 8 (OR = 7.74, 95% CI = 3.86-15.55, p < 0.001 in comparison to residents aged 65 + years vs. 20-44 years; OR = 3.06, 95% CI = 2.03-4.61, p < 0.001 in comparison to residents aged 55-64 years vs. 20-44 years) after making adjustments for other explanatory variables. In addition, those with an education of only elementary school (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.08-2.56, p = 0.021), low income (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.02-2.44, p = 0.039), and length of stay (LOS) of > 10 years (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.30-3.37, p = 0.002) were associated with a care index < 54.7%. Older age, lower educational level, and longer hospital stays were associated with number of remaining teeth being < 24.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Aging was the most important factor related to a high level of dental caries. Low educational level, low income, and LOS were also associated with the indicators of dental caries among institutionalized subjects with schizophrenia. It is necessary to address the treatment factors such as prolonged stay in institutions when decision-makers are planning for preventive strategies of oral health for institutionalized residents with schizophrenia.</p

The relationship of bottle feeding and other sucking behaviors with speech disorder in Patagonian preschoolers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Previous studies have shown that children's nonnutritive sucking habits may lead to delayed development of their oral anatomy and functioning. However, these findings were inconsistent. We investigated associations between use of bottles, pacifiers, and other sucking behaviors with speech disorders in children attending three preschools in Punta Arenas (Patagonia), Chile.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Information on infant feeding and sucking behaviors, age starting and stopping breast- and bottle-feeding, pacifier use, and other sucking behaviors, was collected from self-administered questionnaires completed by parents. Evaluation of speech problems was conducted at preschools with subsequent scoring by a licensed speech pathologist using age-normative standards.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 128 three- to five-year olds were assessed, 46% girls and 54% boys. Children were breastfed for an average of 25.2 (SD 9.6) months and used a bottle 24.4 (SD 15.2) months. Fifty-three children (41.7%) had or currently used a pacifier for an average of 11.4 (SD 17.3) months; 23 children (18.3%) were reported to have sucked their fingers. Delayed use of a bottle until after 9 months appeared to be protective for subsequent speech disorders. There was less than a one-third lower relative odds of subsequent speech disorders for children with a delayed use of a bottle compared to children without a delayed use of a bottle (OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.10-0.98). A three-fold increase in relative odds of speech disorder was found for finger-sucking behavior (OR: 2.99, 95% CI: 1.10-8.00) and for use of a pacifier for 3 or more years (OR: 3.42, 95% CI: 1.08-10.81).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results suggest extended use of sucking outside of breastfeeding may have detrimental effects on speech development in young children.</p

Effect of fluoride toothpastes on enamel demineralization

BACKGROUND: It was the aim of this study to investigate the effect of four different toothpastes with differing fluoride compounds on enamel remineralization. METHODS: A 3 × 3 mm window on the enamel surface of 90 human premolars was demineralized in a hydroxyethylcellulose solution at pH 4.8. The teeth were divided into 6 groups and the lower half of the window was covered with varnish serving as control. The teeth were immersed in a toothpaste slurry containing: placebo tooth paste (group 1); remineralization solution (group 2); Elmex Anticaries (group 3); Elmex Sensitive (group 4); Blend-a-med Complete (group 5) and Colgate GRF (group 6). Ten teeth of each group were used for the determination of the F(- )content in the superficial enamel layer and acid solubility of enamel expressed in soluble phosphorus. Of 6 teeth of each group serial sections were cut and investigated with polarization light microscopy (PLM) and quantitative energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). RESULTS: The PLM results showed an increased remineralization of the lesion body in the Elmex Anticaries, Elmex Sensitive and Colgate GRF group but not in the Blend-a-med group. A statistically significant higher Ca content was found in the Elmex Anticaries group. The fluoride content in the superficial enamel layer was significantly increased in both Elmex groups and the Blend-a-med group. Phosphorus solubility was significantly decreased in both Elmex groups and the Blend-a-med group. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that amine fluoride compounds in toothpastes result in a clearly marked remineralization of caries like enamel lesions followed by sodium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate formulations

Elevated antibody to D-alanyl lipoteichoic acid indicates caries experience associated with fluoride and gingival health

BACKGROUND: Acidogenic, acid-tolerant bacteria induce dental caries and require D-alanyl glycerol lipoteichoic acid (D-alanyl LTA) on their cell surface. Because fluoride inhibits acid-mediated enamel demineralization, an elevated antibody response to D-alanyl LTA may indicate subjects with more acidogenic bacteria and, therefore, an association of DMFT with fluoride exposure and gingival health not apparent in low responders. METHODS: Cluster analysis was used to identify low antibody content. Within low and high responders (control and test subjects), the number of teeth that were decayed missing and filled (DMFT), or decayed only (DT) were regressed against fluoride exposure in the water supply and from dentrifice use. The latter was determined from gingival health: prevalences of plaque (PL) and bleeding on probing (BOP), and mean pocket depth (PD). Age was measured as a possible confounding cofactor. RESULTS: In 35 high responders, DMFT associated with length of exposure to fluoridated water (F score), PL and BOP (R(2) = 0.51, p < 0.001), whereas in 67 low D-ala-IgG responders, DMFT associated with PL, age, and PD (R(2) = 0.26, p < 0.001). BOP correlated strongly with number of 7 7 decayed teeth (DT) in 54 high responders (R(2) = 0.57, p < 0.001), but poorly in 97 low responders (R(2) = 0.12, p < 0.001). The strength of the PD association with DMFT, or of BOP with DT, in high responders significantly differed from that in low responders (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Caries associates with gingival health and fluoridated water exposure in high D-alanyl LTA antibody responders