GDI-1 preferably interacts with Rab10 in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation

Insulin stimulates GLUT4 (glucose transporter 4) translocation in adipocytes and muscles. An emerging picture is that Rab10 could bridge the gap between the insulin signalling cascade and GLUT4 translocation in adipocytes. In the present study, two potential effectors of Rab10, GDI (guanine-nucleotide-dissociation inhibitor)-1 and GDI-2, are characterized in respect to their roles in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. It is shown that both GDI-1 and GDI-2 exhibit similar distribution to GLUT4 and Rab10 at the TGN (trans-Golgi network) and periphery structures. Meanwhile, GDI-1 clearly interacts with Rab10 with higher affinity, as shown by both immunoprecipitation and in vivo FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer). In addition, the participation of GDIs in GLUT4 translocation is illustrated when overexpression of either GDI inhibits insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Taken together, we propose that GDI-1 is preferentially involved in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation through facilitating Rab10 recycling

Motor imagery boosts proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation in the attainment and retention of range-of -motion at the hip joint

This study examined the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) coupled with an internal mental imagery technique (PNFI) on both the attainment and retention of increased range-of-movement (ROM) at the hip joint. Twenty-four young adult subjects were randomly allocated to PNF, PNFI, and control treatments administered in fifteen sessions over a three-week period. ROM was assessed prior to training then at the completion of sessions 1 day, 3, 7, and 14 during training, then 28 days after program completion. Analysis-of-Variance with repeated measures showed both significant treatment (p < 0.01) and time effects (p < 0.05). Mean change of ROM values were always larger under the PNFI condition and significantly different (p < 0.05) at day 1 and 3 following training program completion. Thereafter, the diminution of ROM was comparable to the PNF condition. Mean ROM increment relative to baseline was 7.55 and 9.45 degrees for PNF and PNFI respectively receding to 5.86 and 6.5 degrees at twenty-eight days following treatment cessation. Motor imagery coupled with PNF to enhance and retain ROM yields superior results to physical training used alone and can benefit both athletes and those undergoing rehabilitation