Snow surveying to assess risk of spring flood and snow storage in areas of hydro-power stations

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

Snowmapping in southern Norway by use of LANDSAT imagery

The author has identified the following significant results. During the summer seasons of 1975 and 1976, the snow cover was successfully monitored and measured in four basins. By use of elevation distributions for these basins combined with the measured snow cover percentage, the equivalent snow line altitude was calculated. The basins were Boevra, Jostedal, Olden, and Breim

Application of LANDSAT imagery for snow mapping in Norway

The author has identified the following significant results. It was shown that if the snow cover extent was determined from all four LANDSAT bands, there were significant differences in results. The MSS 4 gave the largest snow cover, but only slightly more than MSS 5, whereas MSS 6 and 7 gave the smallest snow area. A study was made to show that there was a relationship between the last date of snow fall and the area covered with snow, as determined from different bands. Imagery obtained shortly after a snow fall showed no significant difference in the snow-covered area when the four bans were compared, whereas, pronounced differences in the snow-covered area were found in images taken after a long period without precipitation

Application of LANDSAT imagery for snow mapping in Norway

The author has identified the following significant results. During the summer seasons of 1975 and 1976, the snow cover was successfully monitored and measured in the four basins. By using elevation distributions for these basins combined with the measured snow cover percentages, the equivalent snow line altitude was calculated. Equivalent snow line altitude was used in accordance with Mark Meier's definition. Cumulative runoff data were collected for the basins. Tables showing percentage snow cover versus cumulative runoff were worked out for 1975

Application of satellite data for snow mapping in Norway

The author has identified the following significant results. A close quantitative relationship was found between snow covered areas and subsequent runoff for different parts of the country despite climate differences. Digital LANDSAT data can be used for areas down to approximately 10 sq km to 20 sq km for accurate measurement of snow cover extent. On large watersheds (more than 500 sq km), digital NOAA/TIROS imagery can be used for snow mapping if the area/runoff relationship is determined by using observations from previous years

Hydrological investigations in Norway

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

Hydrological investigations in Norway

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

BMI and Diabetes Risk in Singaporean Chinese

10.2337/dc08-1674Diabetes Care3261104-1106DICA

IPSE, a parasite-derived host immunomodulatory protein, is a potential therapeutic for hemorrhagic cystitis

Chemotherapy-induced hemorrhagic cystitis is characterized by bladder pain and voiding dysfunction caused by hemorrhage and inflammation. Novel therapeutic options to treat hemorrhagic cystitis are needed. We previously reported that systemic administration of the Schistosomiasis haematobium-derived protein H-IPSEH06 (IL-4-inducing principle from Schistosoma mansoni eggs), is superior to 3 doses of MESNA in alleviating hemorrhagic cystitis. Based on prior reports by others on S. mansoni IPSE (M-IPSE) and additional work by our group, we reasoned that H-IPSE mediates its effects on hemorrhagic cystitis by binding IgE on basophils and inducing IL-4 expression, promoting urothelial proliferation, and translocating to the nucleus to modulate expression of genes implicated in relieving bladder dysfunction. We speculated that local bladder injection of the S. haematobium IPSE ortholog IPSEH03, hereafter called H-IPSEH03, might be more efficacious in preventing hemorrhagic cystitis compared to systemic administration of IPSEH06. We report that H-IPSEH03, like M-IPSE and H-IPSEH06, activates IgE-bearing basophils in an NFAT reporter assay, indicating activation of the cytokine pathway. Further, H-IPSEH03 attenuates ifosfamide-induced increases in bladder wet weight in an IL-4-dependent fashion. H-IPSEH03 relieves hemorrhagic cystitis-associated allodynia and modulates voiding patterns in mice. Finally, H-IPSEH03 drives increased urothelial cell proliferation suggesting that IPSE induces bladder repair mechanisms. Taken together, H-IPSEH03 may be a potential novel therapeutic to treat hemorrhagic cystitis by basophil activation, attenuation of allodynia and promotion of urothelial cell proliferation

FoxO1 Links Insulin Resistance to Proinflammatory Cytokine IL-1β Production in Macrophages

© 2009 by the American Diabetes Association.[Objetives]: Macrophages play an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance via the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Our goal is to decipher the molecular linkage between proinflammatory cytokine production and insulin resistance in macrophages.[Research design and methods]: We determined cytokine profiles in cultured macrophages and identified interleukin (IL)-1 gene as a potential target of FoxO1, a key transcription factor that mediates insulin action on gene expression. We studied the mechanism by which FoxO1 mediates insulin-dependent regulation of IL-1 expression in cultured macrophages and correlated FoxO1 activity in peritoneal macrophages with IL-1 production profiles in mice with low-grade inflammation or insulin resistance.[Results]: FoxO1 selectively promoted IL-1 production in cultured macrophages. This effect correlated with the ability of FoxO1 to bind and enhance IL-1 promoter activity. Mutations of the FoxO1 binding site within the IL-1 promoter abolished FoxO1 induction of IL-1 expression. Macrophages from insulinresistant obese db/db mice or lipopolysaccharide-inflicted mice were associated with increased FoxO1 production, correlating with elevated levels of IL-1 mRNA in macrophages and IL-1 protein in plasma. In nonstimulated macrophages, FoxO1 remained inert with benign effects on IL-1 expression. In response to inflammatory stimuli, FoxO1 activity was augmented because of an impaired ability of insulin to phosphorylate FoxO1 and promote its nuclear exclusion. This effect along with nuclear factor-B acted to stimulate IL-1 production in activated macrophages.[Conclusions]: FoxO1 signaling through nuclear factor-B plays an important role in coupling proinflammatory cytokine production to insulin resistance in obesity and diabetesThis study was supported in part by American Diabetes Association and National Health Institute Grant DK-066301. No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.Peer reviewe