Improved breeding and seed production of climbing perch (<em>Anabas testudineus</em>) in controlled tanks and cage systems

The climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) is a valuable fish species with significant potential for aquaculture. However, a low survival rate was observed at its early development stages, requiring an optimized protocol for sustainable aquaculture production. This paper presents an improved breeding and seed production technology for climbing perch. Mature climbing perch were induced to spawn using salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (sGnRHa) at a dose of 30 µg/kg-1 body weight of the breeder. The female broodfish spawn 9–10 hours after hormone injection. Developmental stages were defined based on the morphological features of the embryos from the first cleavage to the hatching stage. The first cleavage began at approximately 18–20 minutes after fertilization. Newly hatched larvae were observed within 18–20 h at 30°C, having an average larval size of 0.389±0.042 mm (total length). Successful breeding entails a selection of suitable algal species, an optimal aquaculture environment, regular feeding rates, consistent monitoring of larval development, and effective management of water quality. Survival rates from the larval stage to fry were achieved at 84.69% and 77.60%, respectively, while the survival rate to the fingerlings stage was 72.51%. Therefore, by implementing an optimized protocol, aquaculture practitioners can maximize the production potential of climbing perch while ensuring sustainable cultivation practices. The findings from this research contribute to the advancement of climbing perch aquaculture by providing valuable insights for the successful cultivation and increased economic profitability of A. testudineus species in hatchery productions