Childhood Trauma-Related Nightmares: The Relationship Between Exposure, Relaxation, and Rescripting Therapy and Cognitive Functions

Trauma experiences are, unfortunately, a common part of childhood in the United States and are connected to serious health-related concerns throughout childhood and adulthood. A primary symptom of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress is re-experiencing, which often occurs in the form of nightmares. Though cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) is currently the most well supported treatment model for trauma-exposure, it does not specifically address nightmares. Left untreated, trauma-related nightmares may become chronic, impairing quality and quantity of sleep, and exacerbating and perpetuating trauma symptoms. Quality sleep is a necessary element of healthy child development. Trauma experiences and inadequate sleep have been shown to negatively impact children’s cognitive functions, including memory, attention, and learning, as well as increase behavioral problems and decrease academic performance. While PTSD treatment does not typically alleviate nightmares, both Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT) and Exposure, Relaxation, and Rescripting Therapy (ERRT) have been shown to reduce nightmares, improve sleep quality, and relieve PTSD symptoms within adult samples. The proposed study found limited support that an ERRT adaptation for children aged 8- to 13-years-old (ERRT-C) was related to improvement in some cognitive functioning (e.g., attention, short-term memory, processing speed, reading achievement and comprehension)

Ciencias Pecuarias Vol 19 No.2.p65

Summary Two-year old and first sexual maturation male Yamú Brycon amazonicus were selected, according to the presence of semen under gentle abdominal pressure (body weight BW 1.300 ± 3 g; Total length TL 41.4 ± 0.2 cm, mean ± SEM). Five treatments were carried out: three with mGnRHa (10, 15 and 20 µg/kg in a single dose), one with carp pituitary extract CPE (4.4 mg/kg in two applications, 10 and 90 % with a 12 h interval) and a treatment control with application only of saline solution (0.9%). The volume, spermatic concentration, spermatocrit, fertility rate, percentage of live spermatozoa, motility and activation time were evaluated. The CPE caused an increase in volume, a decrease in sperm concentration and spermatocrit. A positive linear regression between the spermatocrit and the sperm concentration was found (p<0.05, r= 0.42). The fertility rate was evaluated by the ration of spermatozoa/eggs, which oscillated between 3.06 ± 0.2 x 10 5 and 6.75 ± 0,3 x 10 5 , without displaying an effect on fertility rate (p>0.05). For the other parameters evaluated, there were no differences, between the hormones utilized, or between them and the control. It was concluded that the CPE influences, the sperm fluidity, increasing the volume and decreasing the concentration, while the mGnRH-a does not cause any quantitative or qualitative changes in the yamú semen. Evaluation of milt quality of the yamú Brycon amazonicus under hormonal inductio