ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ИНТЕРВЕНЦИОННОЙ КОРРЕКЦИИ КРИТИЧЕСКОГО АОРТАЛЬНОГО СТЕНОЗА: СOВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

The paper studies the issues of aortic stenosis etiology and pathogenesis, clinical assessment of severity based on the distinct symptoms of decompensated aortic defect and echocardiographic measures, and modern methods of aortic stenosis correction. Valve replacement is well known as the «gold standard» in the treatment of aortic stenosis. However, the older-age-group patients with different attendant pathologies are likely to have re-operative complications during the valve replacement operation. The alternative methods of aortic stenosis treating are balloon valvuloplasty and transcatheter implantation of the aortic valve. Analyzing the experience of using the minimally invasive methods of critical aortic stenosis correction convincingly shows reduction of re-operative danger among older-age-group patients with different attendant pathologies and persuades to hospitalize old-aged comorbid patients with significant degrees of aortic valve stenosis and advanced degrees of heart failure to special medical centers. There patients can get an integrated approach to the treatment of this disease that leads to improving treatment results and favorable prognosis in this challenging group of patients.В данной статье рассмотрены вопросы этиологии и патогенеза развития аортального стеноза, клиническая оценка степеней тяжести, основанная на выраженности симптомов при декомпенсации аортального порока и эхокардиографических параметрах, и современные методы коррекции аортального стеноза. Общепризнанным «золотым стандартом» в лечении аортального стеноза является протезирование клапана. Однако операция протезирования аортального клапана у пациентов старшей возрастной группы с различной сопутствующей патологией сопряжена с высоким уровнем периоперационных осложнений. Альтернативными способами лечения аортального стеноза являются метод баллонной вальвулопластики и транскатетерная имплантация аортального клапана. Анализ собственного опыта применения данных малоинвазивных методов коррекции критического аортального стеноза убедительно демонстрирует снижение периоперационных рисков у пациентов старшей возрастной группы с сопутствующей патологией и убеждает в необходимости госпитализации коморбидных возрастных пациентов со значительными степенями стеноза аортального клапана и продвинутыми степенями сердечной недостаточности в специализированных центрах, где возможен комплексный подход в лечении данной патологии, который приводит к улучшению результатов лечения и благоприятному прогнозу у этой сложной категории пациентов

Effects of Once-Weekly Exenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular effects of adding once-weekly treatment with exenatide to usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes are unknown. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients with type 2 diabetes, with or without previous cardiovascular disease, to receive subcutaneous injections of extended-release exenatide at a dose of 2 mg or matching placebo once weekly. The primary composite outcome was the first occurrence of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. The coprimary hypotheses were that exenatide, administered once weekly, would be noninferior to placebo with respect to safety and superior to placebo with respect to efficacy. RESULTS: In all, 14,752 patients (of whom 10,782 [73.1%] had previous cardiovascular disease) were followed for a median of 3.2 years (interquartile range, 2.2 to 4.4). A primary composite outcome event occurred in 839 of 7356 patients (11.4%; 3.7 events per 100 person-years) in the exenatide group and in 905 of 7396 patients (12.2%; 4.0 events per 100 person-years) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 1.00), with the intention-to-treat analysis indicating that exenatide, administered once weekly, was noninferior to placebo with respect to safety (P<0.001 for noninferiority) but was not superior to placebo with respect to efficacy (P=0.06 for superiority). The rates of death from cardiovascular causes, fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal or nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome, and the incidence of acute pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and serious adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with type 2 diabetes with or without previous cardiovascular disease, the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events did not differ significantly between patients who received exenatide and those who received placebo. (Funded by Amylin Pharmaceuticals; EXSCEL ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01144338 .)

A patient with atrial fibrillation and diabetes: selecting the optimal anticoagulant therapy regimen

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Patients with diabetes are at higher risk of AF than those without it. There is an increased risk of dysglycemia in AF. Patients with AF and concomitant diabetes are more likely to have coronary artery disease, hypertension, heart failure, while strokes in patients with AF and diabetes are more severe. Diabetes, in turn, causes the angiopathies and cardiopathy. There is a higher risk of both thrombotic and bleeding events in patients with AF and T2D. The article discusses the mutual burden of T2D and AF, as well as the risk scores for thrombotic, thromboembolic, and bleeding events. Anticoagulant therapy takes a special place in improving the prognosis in AF patients. Numerous studies and actual clinical practice have demonstrated the effectiveness of anticoagulants in the prevention of stroke and other comorbidities

The effect of sex and age hormonal changes on the development of heart failure

Currently, there is an increase in the incidence of cardiac disease in the elderly. Both the morbidity and progression rate differ in different age and sex groups. Agerelated cardiovascular changes can also be associated with the influence of sex hormones both on the myocardium itself and on the signaling involved in the regulation of circulation. Estrogen affects the mechanisms of vasodilation, the relationship of hypoxia and angiogenesis, the development of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Therefore, estrogen deficiency is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. An increase in the androgen level is involved in pathophysiological mechanisms such as aging, heart failure, and vascular remodeling. Many studies have demonstrated the inverse relationship between sex hormone levels and cardiovascular risk, morbidity and mortality. However, efforts to control the natural hormonal changes show mixed results. Additional prospective studies are needed to clarify the roles of various sex hormones in initiating cardiovascular disease and cardiac failure itself, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of hormone therapy in patients with cardiovascular disease

NEURO-HUMORAL DISBALANCE IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE: CLASSIC AND MODERN PERSPECTIVES

В статье рассматриваются современные представления о нейрогормональном дисбалансе при хронической сердечной недостаточности, в том числе компенсаторной гиперактивации симпатической нервной системы, ренинангиотензин-альдостероновой системы, эндотелиальной системы, системы эндопептидов, а также снижении эффективности системы натрийуретических пептидов (предсердного натрийуретического пептида, мозгового натрийуретического пептида, эндотелиального натрийуретического пептида). В обзоре показано, что хроническая сердечная недостаточность как клинический син- дром характеризуется тесным взаимодействием между гемодинамической дисфункцией миокарда и компенсаторными нейрогуморальными механизмами. Все нейрогуморальные механизмы неразрывно участвуют в компенсации и прогрессировании хронической сердечной недостаточности, при этом многие из них имеют как компенсаторное, так и патологическое значение

New biomarkers of injury, inflammation and remodeling in the differential diagnosis of heart failure types

Heart failure (HF) is a global pandemic that is steadily increasing in prevalence. Currently, based on the left ventricular ejection fraction, three types of HF are distinguished. A theory was created that the HF pathophysiology is based on two processes: systolic and diastolic myocardial dysfunction. Due to the heterogeneity of HF, it is necessary to develop methods for differential diagnosis of its types to ensure adequate risk assessment and patientcentered therapy. Taking into account the objectivity, reproducibility, and high sensitivity of biomarkers of injury, inflammation, and myocardial remodeling, these parameters can be used for these purposes. To date, many biological molecules have been identified, such as sST2, Gal-3, GDF-15, FABP, IGFBP, micro-ribonucleic acid, sensitivity and specificity of which are superior to natriuretic peptides and high sensitivity troponins used today, and are already being introduced into clinical practice. At the same time, it is advisable to conduct additional prospective studies for a more objective assessment of diagnostic significance and the potential of its use in routine diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure

The Relationship of Modifiable Risk Factors with Indicators of Arterial Stiffness and Vascular Age in Patients with Arterial Hypertension

Aim. To study the relationship of modifiable risk factors (RF) with indicators of arterial stiffness and vascular age based on the contour analysis of the pulse wave velocity in hypertensive patients.Material and methods. The material of the study was the data from a survey of patients undergoing clinical observation at the polyclinic of MMC SOGAZ. A total of 107 patients were examined, in which 70 were men and 37 were women. The average age was 52.3±18.29. Photoplethysmography was used as a special research method, performed using the AngioScan-01 diagnostic complex. The main indicators used to evaluate the stiffness of large vessels were: stiffness index (SI), reflection index (RI), augmentation index (Alp75), age index (AGI), pulse wave types (PV) and vascular age (VA).Results. The mean values of arterial stiffness indices in patients with essential arterial hypertension (AH) and healthy individuals (control) had significant differences. The mean SI, Alp75, and VA values in the group of patients with AH were 7.8±1.03, 7.0±14.44 and 50.8±15.93 versus 7.2±1.73, 0.5±18.02 and 43.8±16.94, respectively (p&lt; 0.05). In both groups, a strong inverse correlation of passport age with C-type PV was revealed (r=0.74, p&lt; 0.01), which reflected the dynamics of a gradual age-dependent decrease in vascular compliance. The average VA value in the control group was 63.1±16.99 years with an average passport age of 59.5±8.79 years, which significantly differed from VA in hypertensive patients (p&lt; 0,05). Overweight, hypercholesterolemia, elevated low-density lipoprotein levels, lack of adequate antihypertensive control, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction were significantly associated with early vascular (arterial) aging.Conclusion. Patients with hypertension, in addition to high blood pressure, significantly differ from normotensive control in terms of arterial stiffness. The lack of control over modifiable RF of patients with hypertension is associated with early vascular aging