Jumping Finite Automata for Tweet Comprehension

Every day, over one billion social media text messages are generated worldwide, which provides abundant information that can lead to improvements in lives of people through evidence-based decision making. Twitter is rich in such data but there are a number of technical challenges in comprehending tweets including ambiguity of the language used in tweets which is exacerbated in under resourced languages. This paper presents an approach based on Jumping Finite Automata for automatic comprehension of tweets. We construct a WordNet for the language of Kenya (WoLK) based on analysis of tweet structure, formalize the space of tweet variation and abstract the space on a Finite Automata. In addition, we present a software tool called Automata-Aided Tweet Comprehension (ATC) tool that takes raw tweets as input, preprocesses, recognise the syntax and extracts semantic information to 86% success rate

Rural institutions and producer organizations in imperfect markets: experiences from producer marketing groups in semi-arid eastern Kenya

"Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have liberalized markets to improve efficiency and enhance market linkages for smallholder farmers. The expected positive response by the private sector in areas with limited market infrastructure has however been disappointing. The functioning of markets is constrained by high transaction costs and coordination problems along the production-to-consumption value chain. New kinds of institutional arrangements are needed to reduce these costs and fill the vacuum left when governments withdrew from markets in the era of structural adjustments. One of these institutional innovations has been the strengthening of producer organizations and formation of collective marketing groups as instruments to remedy pervasive market failures in rural economies. The analysis presented here with a case study from eastern Kenya has shown that while collective action – embodied in Producer Marketing Groups (PMGs) – is feasible and useful, external shocks and structural constraints that limit the volume of trade and access to capital and information require investments in complementary institutions and coordination mechanisms to exploit scale economies. The effectiveness of PMGs was determined by the level of collective action in the form of increased participatory decision making, member contributions and initial start-up capital. Failure to pay on delivery, resulting from lack of capital credit, is a major constraint that stifles PMG competitiveness relative to other buyers. These findings call for interventions that improve governance and participation; mechanisms for improving access to operating capital; and effective strategies for risk management and enhancing the business skills of the PMGs." Author's AbstractMarket imperfections, Transaction costs, Farmer organizations, Institutions, Collective action, Semi-arid tropics, Kenya, East Africa,

Randomized controlled trial comparing post operative pain outcome between suture and tissue glue wound apposition post-circumcision in the pediatric age group

Introduction: Circumcision is one of the oldest and most common surgical procedures in the male population. Of the various circumcision techniques, sutures and tissue glue are utilized for wound closure in the free-hand techniques. Locally, sutures are routinely used for wound closure in the free-hand techniques. Whilst there are studies comparing the two wound apposition techniques using various outcomes, pain as a primary outcome comparing the two has been poorly researched. One hypothesis is that local ischemia at the suture site contributes to post-circumcision pain. It is against this background that we sought to explore differences in pain between these two methods of wound apposition. Method: This was a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing post-operative pain following tissue glue and suture wound apposition post-circumcision. Secondary objectives were to establish the difference in post-operative bleeding, wound dehiscence and duration of surgery between the two interventions. Eligible participants were male children between 2 and 12 years coming for circumcision at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi from September 2021 to April 2022. They were allocated into the two intervention arms of sutures versus tissue glue following simple randomization. Duration of surgery was noted in the operation notes and populated in the data sheet. At 24 and 48 hours post-operatively, the Parents Post-Operative Pain Measure questionnaire was administered telephonically to assess pain. A pain score of more than or equal to 6 out of 15 was considered clinically significant. Outcomes of bleeding and wound dehiscence were obtained at the post-operative clinic review and populated on the data sheet. A small sample analysis was done. Continuous data was expressed as means ± standard deviation and differences between groups were assessed using the student’s t-test. Results: Eighteen patients were analyzed in the present study with twelve in the suture arm and six in the tissue glue arm. The mean age of the participants was 6 ½ years (Range 2- 11years, SD 2.55). The mean level of pain at 24 hours was 1.3 (SD 1.55) and 0 at 48 hours. There was a statistically significant difference in pain in patients with suture apposition compared to glue apposition (t (16) = 2.066, p = 0.045). This was, however, not clinically significant given as the mean level of pain was less than the clinically significant level of 6 as indicated on the Parents Post-Operative Pain Measure questionnaire. There was no bleeding noted in either groups at one week. Wound dehiscence was noted in one patient in the glue apposition group. However, this was not statistically significant when the two groups were compared (t (16) = 1.46, p = 0.16). The mean duration of surgery in the glue group was found to be slightly longer compared to the suture group (26.5 versus 21.3 minutes). However, this did not reflect a significant statistical difference (t (16) = -1.418, p = 0.175) Conclusion: In view of the limited sample size, the present study’s results may not be generalizable. The trends from the small sample analysis suggests that despite there being a statistically significant difference in pain, there was no clinically significant difference in post-operative pain during the first 24 – 48 hours, with more patients complaining of pain in the suture apposition group. The trends in the present study similarly demonstrated no statistically significant difference in post-operative bleeding rates, duration of surgery as well as wound dehiscence rates between the two groups

Determinants of the Speed of Adoption of Soil Fertility-Enhancing Technologies in Western Kenya

Most adoption studies have employed cross-sectional data in a static discrete choice modelling framework to analyze why some farmers adopt at a certain point in time. The static approach does not consider the dynamic environment in which the adoption decision is made and thus does not incorporate the speed of adoption and the effect of time-dependent elements in explaining adoption. The adoption speed of an innovation is important in various aspects. Based on data from a survey of a random sample of 331 smallholder households in western Kenya, this study investigated determinants of time to adoption of mineral fertilizer, animal manure and compost using Duration analysis. Results revealed that factors that influenced timing of the adoption varied by the practices. Whilst education level of the household head, cattle ownership, location of the farm, access to extension services, and participation in land management programmes accelerated the adoption of different practices, age of household head, relative farming experience and market liberalization retarded the adoption. Gender of household head gave mixed results. To speed up adoption of the practices requires policies that promote farmers’ participation in land management programs, access to extension services and markets in addition to stratified targeting of different practices to specific locations and farmers.Adoption, duration analysis, soil nutrients, Crop Production/Industries, Land Economics/Use,

Is Value Addition in Honey a Panacea for Poverty Reduction in the ASAL in Africa? Empirical Evidence from Baringo District, Kenya

Using survey data from 110 randomly selected honey producers from two divisions in Baringo this paper analyzes the constraints and drivers of value addition in honey, an economic activity with a potential to improve household livelihoods but whose development has remained rudimentary. Baringo District undergoes frequent and prolonged drought that impacts on household livelihood assets. The livelihoods have traditionally been agro-based but due to variations in climatic conditions, crop production has been very low. Livestock production has also been adversely affected by these trends, leaving honey production as a viable alternative for smallholder farmers since it is less dependent on, or affected by climatic variations and is not resource intensive. This study uses Heckman two stage and the logistic regression models to determine the extent of value addition contingent on the decision of a honey producer to participate in value addition activity, and to assess the link between honey value addition and household poverty status, respectively. The results show that the decision to add value is positively and significantly influenced by the amount of honey harvested, group membership and amount of hours spent on off-farm activities, while it is negatively influenced the age of the farmers and the education level of the household head. Value addition contributes to the reduction of poverty through the improvement of household incomes. This paper concludes measures need to be put in place that would encourage and facilitate the practice of value addition if the welfare of the poor rural population is to be improved.value addition, poverty reduction, drought, ASAL, Africa, Livestock Production/Industries,

Export Market Linkage via Gentleman's Agreement: Evidence from French Bean Marketing in Kenya

"Gentleman's agreements" involving handshakes or promissory market access possibilities through brokers and middlemen have enabled most small farmers in Kenya to export an extensive array of fruits and vegetables. However, despite rapid expansion into these forms of market linkages, there has been a dearth of empirical information regarding the factors that such marketers consider when linking small farmers to the market. This paper uses data from a 2001 French bean farmers survey conducted in Mwea Tebere Central Kenya to evaluate household and infrastructural factors determining informal linkages for French bean marketing. Logit estimates show that irrigation equipment is a prerequisite for linkage, farm localities further from central crop collection centres and close proximity of farms to source of irrigation waters, and poor accessibility of large farms preferred by brokers in linking small farmers. The results lend credence to the importance of brokers and middlemen as an emerging institution in linking small farmers to export markets in rural regions that have poor infrastructures e.g. roads.verbal agreement, logit, French beans exports, small farmers, linkage, brokers and middlemen, International Relations/Trade,

The provision of emergency contraceptives in private sector pharmacies in urban Kenya: Experiences of mystery clients

This paper presents the results of an assessment of the provision of emergency contraceptives (EC) in private pharmacies in Nairobi, Kenya. Trained female mystery clients (MCs) made a total of 103 visits to 20 randomly selected pharmacies and presented accounts of their experiences. The results show that: 1) some providers insist on doctors’ prescriptions before they can dispense EC; 2) there are variations among providers on the recommended dosage and possible side-effects of EC pills; 3) MCs presenting as inexperienced clients were significantly more likely to be given additional information on EC than the experienced ones; 4) there was no significant difference in the provision of additional reproductive health (RH) information/services by the scenario presented. This suggests the need for: 1) provider training and/or updates on EC to enhance their capacity to offer additional RH information/services; 2) sensitizing EC clients on the importance of obtaining additional RH information/services from providers

CATTLE AS ASSETS: ASSESSMENT OF NON-MARKET BENEFITS FROM CATTLE IN SMALLHOLDER KENYAN CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS

This paper uses data from a survey of two hundred and fifty cattle households in three cattle keeping systems; intensive, semi-intensive and extensive systems to estimate the value of non-market, socio-economic benefits of cattle in Kenya. These benefits of cattle keeping are of special importance in developing countries, where financial markets function poorly and opportunities for risk management through formal insurance generally absent. However, when estimating the total contribution of livestock, these non-market functions are often ignored since they are difficult to value, yet they may contribute to a better understanding of livestock production systems. The use of contingent valuation method is employed in this study to elicit these non-market values. Econometric estimations are then used to assess the factors influencing the non-market benefits function. The results indicate that these benefits are highly valued by cattle keepers and comprise approximately 20% of the animal's total value across the three systems. They are influenced by various production system and household related factors. Implications for policy are drawn.Livestock Production/Industries, QQ112, QQ118, DD223,

The Malawi Diffusion and Ideational Change Project 2004-06

In this paper, we evaluate the quality of survey data collected by the Malawi Diffusion and Ideational Change Project by investigating four potential sources of bias: sample representativeness, interviewer effects, response unreliability and sample attrition. We discuss the results of our analysis and implications of our findings for the collection of data in similar contexts.AIDS/HIV, data quality, interviewer effects, representativeness, response reliability, sample attrition, Sub-Saharan Africa