Perceptions of transformational leadership: The effects of organizational justice for English language learners

Purpose: School leaders have an ability to instill trust, efficacy, and motivation in their teachers through transformational leadership. The school’s actions and behaviors also can lead to increased motivation, efficacy, and a sense of justice for teachers through organizational justice. These characteristics of teachers are major factors in the academic performance of English language learners (ELLs). Finding a relationship between the school leader’s transformational leadership and the school’s organizational justice may help meet the needs or teachers and lead to increased ELL performance. Research Methods: This dissertation focuses on two constructs: transformational leadership and organizational justice. This study utilized teacher surveys to understand their perceptions of both the principal’s leadership and the school’s justice. The data for two regression models came from teacher surveys and publicly available data. The sample for this study was 163 classroom teachers from the north Georgia area. This study provides insight into organizational justice and transformational leadership. Findings: Through regression, organizational justice was found to be a significant predictor of transformational leadership with organizational justice accounting for 56% in the variation of transformational leadership. Gender, years of experience, or level of education did not have a significant impact on the findings. The conclusion states that a 1 point increase in organizational justice yields a 1.6 point increase transformational leadership. Implications: This research provides connections between organizational justice and transformational leadership and the supports the need to continue integrating justice and leadership theory. It also supports the need for principal training so that they build a better ability to motivate teachers while building efficacy and trust, which improves the performance of ELLs in the classroom

Soybean (Glycine max) response to multiple, sublethal exposures of 2,4-D and dicamba from vegetative through reproductive growth

This study was conducted to determine whether soybean productivity is affected by multiple, sublethal herbicide exposures. The effects of dicamba and 2,4-D on soybean (Glycine max) productivity was investigated at 17 site-years. Relative to a single exposure of dicamba at R1, an additional exposure at either V3 or R3 reduced yield up to 23%. Three or more applications did not further decrease yields relative to an R1&R3 exposure. For 2,4-D, a single application to V3, R1, R3, or R5 soybean did not affect grain yield. However, two exposures of 2,4-D occurring from V3 through R3 reduced yield 5 to 7%. Three or more applications of 2,4-D had no effect on yield relative to exposing soybean to 2,4-D twice between V3 and R3. Exposing soybean to multiple, sublethal rates of auxin herbicides can reduce yield relative to a single exposure and may be most deleterious from flowering to initial pod set

Research and theory for nursing and midwifery: Rethinking the nature of evidence

Background and Rationale: The rise in the principles of evidence-based medicine in the 1990s heralded a re-emerging orthodoxy in research methodologies. The view of the randomised controlled trial (RCT) as a “gold standard” for evaluation of medical interventions has extended recently to evaluation of organisational forms and reforms and of change in complex systems—within health care and in other human services. Relatively little attention has been given to the epistemological assumptions underlying such a hierarchy of research evidence. Aims and Methods: Case studies from research in maternity care are used in this article to describe problems and limitations encountered in using RCTs to evaluate some recent policy-driven and consumer-oriented developments. These are discussed in relation to theory of knowledge and the epistemological assumptions, or paradigms, underpinning health services research. The aim in this discussion is not to advocate, or to reject, particular approaches to research but to advocate a more open and critical engagement with questions about the nature of evidence. Findings and Discussion: Experimental approaches are of considerable value in investigating deterministic and probabilistic cause and effect relationships, and in testing often well-established but unevaluated technologies. However, little attention has been paid to contextual and cultural factors in the effects of interventions, in the culturally constructed nature of research questions themselves, or of the data on which much research is based. More complex, and less linear, approaches to methodology are needed to address these issues. A simple hierarchical approach does not represent the complexity of evidence well and should move toward a more cyclical view of knowledge development

Ethical issues in the use of in-depth interviews: literature review and discussion

This paper reports a literature review on the topic of ethical issues in in-depth interviews. The review returned three types of article: general discussion, issues in particular studies, and studies of interview-based research ethics. Whilst many of the issues discussed in these articles are generic to research ethics, such as confidentiality, they often had particular manifestations in this type of research. For example, privacy was a significant problem as interviews sometimes probe unexpected areas. For similar reasons, it is difficult to give full information of the nature of a particular interview at the outset, hence informed consent is problematic. Where a pair is interviewed (such as carer and cared-for) there are major difficulties in maintaining confidentiality and protecting privacy. The potential for interviews to harm participants emotionally is noted in some papers, although this is often set against potential therapeutic benefit. As well as these generic issues, there are some ethical issues fairly specific to in-depth interviews. The problem of dual role is noted in many papers. It can take many forms: an interviewer might be nurse and researcher, scientist and counsellor, or reporter and evangelist. There are other specific issues such as taking sides in an interview, and protecting vulnerable groups. Little specific study of the ethics of in-depth interviews has taken place. However, that which has shows some important findings. For example, one study shows participants are not averse to discussing painful issues provided they feel the study is worthwhile. Some papers make recommendations for researchers. One such is that they should consider using a model of continuous (or process) consent rather than viewing consent as occurring once, at signature, prior to the interview. However, there is a need for further study of this area, both philosophical and empirical

Differential β-arrestin2 requirements for constitutive and agonist-induced internalization of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor

CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) undergoes both constitutive and agonist-induced internalization, but the underlying mechanisms of these processes and the role of beta-arrestins in the regulation of CB1R function are not completely understood. In this study, we followed CB1R internalization using confocal microscopy and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer measurements in HeLa and Neuro-2a cells. We found that upon activation CB1R binds beta-arrestin2 (beta-arr2), but not beta-arrestin1. Furthermore, both the expression of dominant-negative beta-arr2 (beta-arr2-V54D) and siRNA-mediated knock-down of beta-arr2 impaired the agonist-induced internalization of CB1R. In contrast, neither beta-arr2-V54D nor beta-arr2-specific siRNA had a significant effect on the constitutive internalization of CB1R. However, both constitutive and agonist-induced internalization of CB1R were impaired by siRNA-mediated depletion of clathrin heavy chain. We conclude that although clathrin is required for both constitutive and agonist-stimulated internalization of CB1R, beta-arr2 binding is only required for agonist-induced internalization of the receptor suggesting that the molecular mechanisms underlying constitutive and agonist-induced internalization of CB1R are different

Structure of 1,3-dichloro-5-phenyl-1λ4,3λ4,2,4,6-dithiatriazine

Sherpa Romeo green journalC7HsC12N3S2, Mr=266.17, triclinic, P], a=6-028(1), b=9-985(2), c=10.157 (3) /~, ct= 117.33 (2), fl= 106.73(2), y=90.31(1) °, V= 513-3(4)/~3, Z=2, D x=1.72gcm -3, 2(MoK~t)= 0.71073 A, /1 = 9.85 cm -1, F(000) = 268, T= 293 K, R = 0.032 for 1547 unique observed reflections. The SNCNS portion of the ring is planar within 0-060 (2)/~ and the third N is displaced 0.336 (2) A from this plane on the side opposite the S-bonded C1 atoms. The S-N distances range from 1.581 (1) to 1.615 (2)/~ and the N-C distances are 1.327 (2) and 1.344 (2) ./k.Ye

Access to healthy foods: Part I. Barriers to accessing healthy foods: Differentials by gender, social class, income and mode of transport

This paper examines the issues of access to food and the influences people face when shopping for a healthy food basket. It uses data from the Health Edu cation Authority's 1993 Health and Lifestyles Survey to examine the barriers people face in accessing a healthy diet. The main findings are that access to food is primarily determined by income, and this is in turn closely related to physical resources available to access healthy food. There is an associated class bias over access to sources of healthy food. The poor have less access to a car, find it harder to get to out-of-town shopping centres and thus are less able to carry and transport food in bulk. The majority of people shop in supermarkets as they report that local shops do not provide the services people demand and that food choice and quality are limited. In tackling food poverty and pro moting healthy eating, health promotion practice needs to address these struc tural issues as opposed to relying on psycho-social models of education based on the provision of information and choice

A Model-Based Methodology for Spray-Drying Process Development

Solid amorphous dispersions are frequently used to improve the solubility and, thus, the bioavailability of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Spray-drying, a well-characterized pharmaceutical unit operation, is ideally suited to producing solid amorphous dispersions due to its rapid drying kinetics. This paper describes a novel flowchart methodology based on fundamental engineering models and state-of-the-art process characterization techniques that ensure that spray-drying process development and scale-up are efficient and require minimal time and API. This methodology offers substantive advantages over traditional process-development methods, which are often empirical and require large quantities of API and long development times. This approach is also in alignment with the current guidance on Pharmaceutical Development Q8(R1). The methodology is used from early formulation-screening activities (involving milligrams of API) through process development and scale-up for early clinical supplies (involving kilograms of API) to commercial manufacturing (involving metric tons of API). It has been used to progress numerous spray-dried dispersion formulations, increasing bioavailability of formulations at preclinical through commercial scales

Resilience and survival : black teenage mothers 'looked after' by the State tell their stories about their experience of care

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Nadia Mantonavi, and Hilary Thomas, 'Resilience and Survival: Black Teenage Mothers ‘Looked After’ by the State Tell their Stories About their Experience of Care', Children & Society, Vol. 29 (4): 299-309, July 2015, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12028. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.‘Looked after’ young people are among the most disadvantaged members of our society. While their disadvantaged status should not be ignored, poor outcomes are often emphasised at the expense of good ones. This paper reports a study that adopts the concept of resilience to understand the narratives of the participants’ experience of care and foster care. A total of 15 young mothers, aged 16-19 and mainly from black African backgrounds, were interviewed. Despite lacking a ‘secure base’, informants invested in a sense of moral identity and a source of self-directedness, which enabled them to move from victim of circumstances to individuals who overcome their circumstances.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Growth and mass wasting of volcanic centers in the northern South Sandwich arc, South Atlantic, revealed by new multibeam mapping

New multibeam (swath) bathymetric sonar data acquired using an EM120 system on the RRS James Clark Ross, supplemented by sub-bottom profiling, reveals the underwater morphology of a not, vert, similar 12,000 km2 area in the northern part of the mainly submarine South Sandwich volcanic arc. The new data extend between 55° 45′S and 57° 20′S and include Protector Shoal and the areas around Zavodovski, Visokoi and the Candlemas islands groups. Each of these areas is a discrete volcanic center. The entirely submarine Protector Shoal area, close to the northern limit of the arc, forms a 55 km long east–west-trending seamount chain that is at least partly of silicic composition. The seamounts are comparable to small subaerial stratovolcanoes in size, with volumes up to 83 km3, indicating that they are the product of multiple eruptions over extended periods. Zavodovski, Visokoi and the Candlemas island group are the summits of three 3–3.5 km high volcanic edifices. The bathymetric data show evidence for relationships between constructional volcanic features, including migrating volcanic centers, structurally controlled constructional ridges, satellite lava flows and domes, and mass wasting of the edifices. Mass wasting takes place mainly by strong erosion at sea level, and dispersal of this material along chutes, probably as turbidity currents and other mass flows that deposit in extensive sediment wave fields. Large scale mass wasting structures include movement of unconsolidated debris in slides, slumps and debris avalanches. Volcanism is migrating westward relative to the underlying plate and major volcanoes are asymmetrical, being steep with abundant recent volcanism on their western flanks, and gently sloping with extinct, eroded volcanic sequences to their east. This is consistent with the calculated rate of subduction erosion of the fore-arc