A-, B- and R-Theories of Time: A Debate

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87988/1/a_b_r_theories.pd

Temporal Realism and the R-Theory

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/110699/1/Temporal Realism and the R-theory.pd

Reminiscences of Bergmann's Last Student

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154769/1/Reminiscences of Bergmann's Last Student.docDescription of Reminiscences of Bergmann's Last Student.doc : Book chapter on Gustav Bergman

A note on Chisholm on tense

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43395/1/11098_2004_Article_BF00374039.pd

McTaggart's Paradox and the Infinite Regress of Temporal Attributions: A reply to Smith

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/83489/1/Oaklander_McTaggarts_Paradox_and_the_INfinite.pd

On the Experience of Tenseless Time

Defending the tenseless theory of time requires dealing adequately with the experience of temporal becoming. The issue centers on whether the defender of tenseless time can provide an adequate analysis of the presence of experience and the appropriateness of certain of our attitudes toward future and past events. By responding to a recent article, 'Passage and the Presence of Experience ' , by H . Scott Hestevold, I shall attempt to show that adequate analysis of tenseless time is possiblehttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/83487/1/Oaklander_ON_the_experience_of_tenseless_time.pd

Non-invasive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) of the Motor Cortex for Neuropathic Pain—At the Tipping Point?

The term “neuropathic pain” (NP) refers to chronic pain caused by illnesses or injuries that damage peripheral or central pain-sensing neural pathways to cause them to fire inappropriately and signal pain without cause. Neuropathic pain is common, complicating diabetes, shingles, HIV, and cancer. Medications are often ineffective or cause various adverse effects, so better approaches are needed. Half a century ago, electrical stimulation of specific brain regions (neuromodulation) was demonstrated to relieve refractory NP without distant effects, but the need for surgical electrode implantation limited use of deep brain stimulation. Next, electrodes applied to the dura outside the brain’s surface to stimulate the motor cortex were shown to relieve NP less invasively. Now, electromagnetic induction permits cortical neurons to be stimulated entirely non-invasively using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Repeated sessions of many TMS pulses (rTMS) can trigger neuronal plasticity to produce long-lasting therapeutic benefit. Repeated TMS already has US and European regulatory approval for treating refractory depression, and multiple small studies report efficacy for neuropathic pain. Recent improvements include “frameless stereotactic” neuronavigation systems, in which patients’ head MRIs allow TMS to be applied to precise underlying cortical targets, minimizing variability between sessions and patients, which may enhance efficacy. Transcranial magnetic stimulation appears poised for the larger trials necessary for regulatory approval of a NP indication. Since few clinicians are familiar with TMS, we review its theoretical basis and historical development, summarize the neuropathic pain trial results, and identify issues to resolve before large-scale clinical trials