33 research outputs found
Is the Section 1983 Civil Rights Statute Overworked? Expanded Use of Magistrates--An Alternative to Exhaustion
Part I of this Note discusses the history and purpose of section 1983 and identifies the danger unmanaged growth of 1983 suits poses to civil rights. Part II examines several judicial responses to the 1983 caseload problem and concludes that congressional action is more appropriate. Parts III and IV explore two areas of possible legislative action. Part III questions the efficacy of a legislatively imposed requirement that the claimant exhaust state administrative remedies as a prerequisite to a 1983 suit in federal court. Part IV proposes an alternative congressional response to the 1983 caseload problem: a carefully tailored use of the existing magistracy apparatus. The Note concludes that magistrates can handle many of the issues in 1983 suits that strain judicial resources, and no other measure, short of a substantial increase in the number of federal judges, can effectively manage the 1983 caseload problem, while at the same time preserving section 1983\u27s central purpose of providing a federal forum to civil rights litigants
Recommended from our members
The Genome of Tolypocladium inflatum: Evolution, Organization, and Expression of the Cyclosporin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster
The ascomycete fungus Tolypocladium inflatum, a pathogen of beetle larvae, is best known as the producer of the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin. The draft genome of T. inflatum strain NRRL 8044 (ATCC 34921), the isolate from which cyclosporin was first isolated, is presented along with comparative analyses of the biosynthesis of cyclosporin and other secondary metabolites in T. inflatum and related taxa. Phylogenomic analyses reveal previously undetected and complex patterns of homology between the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) that encodes for cyclosporin synthetase (simA) and those of other secondary metabolites with activities against insects (e.g., beauvericin, destruxins, etc.), and demonstrate the roles of module duplication and gene fusion in diversification of NRPSs. The secondary metabolite gene cluster responsible for cyclosporin biosynthesis is described. In addition to genes necessary for cyclosporin biosynthesis, it harbors a gene for a cyclophilin, which is a member of a family of immunophilins known to bind cyclosporin. Comparative analyses support a lineage specific origin of the cyclosporin gene cluster rather than horizontal gene transfer from bacteria or other fungi. RNA-Seq transcriptome analyses in a cyclosporin-inducing medium delineate the boundaries of the cyclosporin cluster and reveal high levels of expression of the gene cluster cyclophilin. In medium containing insect hemolymph, weaker but significant upregulation of several genes within the cyclosporin cluster, including the highly expressed cyclophilin gene, was observed. T. inflatum also represents the first reference draft genome of Ophiocordycipitaceae, a third family of insect pathogenic fungi within the fungal order Hypocreales, and supports parallel and qualitatively distinct radiations of insect pathogens. The T. inflatum genome provides additional insight into the evolution and biosynthesis of cyclosporin and lays a foundation for further investigations of the role of secondary metabolite gene clusters and their metabolites in fungal biology
Pacto entre rey lejano y súbditos indígenas. Justicia, legalidad y política en Nueva España, siglo XVII
Este artículo trata la idea de un “pacto” entre el rey español y sus vasallos indios del Nuevo Mundo. Tal pacto fue mediado por un sistema de justicia basada en la teoría jusnaturalista articulada por los tratadistas del siglo XVI. Aunque los indígenas no entraron en los detalles de tales teorías, sí llegaron a conocer sus efectos concretos mediante los derechos y la operación de las leyes de Indias. Por ser tributarios, se les podía explotar en nombre del fisco real. Por la misma razón se les debía protección real en relación a españoles codiciosos que se burlaban de las leyes para aprovecharse de los indios. A través de pleitos y peticiones, litigantes indios del siglo XVII desarrollaron un léxico y una práctica político-legal que tenía por punto de partida la idea de la justica como valor norteador de la sociedad novohispana