Effect of a typical rural processing method on the proximate composition and amino acid profile of bush mango seeds (Irvingia gabonensis)

Various researchers have confirmed the view that forest and wood lands, among other natural boundaries in West Africa supply a massive amount of protein and carbohydrates to the citizens; however industrialization and urbanization has  threaten many of the food species from these ecosystems. For instance Itugha known to be highly prized and delicious indigenous food is getting extinct and the possibility of it’s origin and composition being lost in antiquity is high, more so data on nutrient composition of processed lrvingia products is limited. Samples of Itugha were prepared as it is obtained in the local setting. These and fresh seeds from the same source of fruits were subjected to proximate analysis and amino acid profile determination. The synergistic effect of pounding and fermentation (two rural processing methods) on proximate composition and amino acid profile of Irvingia gabonensis seeds were evaluated. Proximate analysis differed significantly (p > 0.05) between the processed product and fresh Irvingia seeds in crude protein, fat, ash and dietary fiber contents. Protein value was 19.4+ 0.4% dry matter (DM) for the product, 7.6 + 0.8 of (DM) for fresh seed of var gabonensis, Crude fat 66.60+ 0.80% DM seed and 58.00+ 1.0% product; ash 9.50+ 0.30% DM seed and 11.60 + 0.6% DM product. Dietary fibre was 18.20+ 1.80% DM seed and 12.30+2.00% DM product. Percent sucrose in starch was 2.10 + 3.50% DM seed and 9.60+ 3.10% DM product. There were significant losses in fat, dietary fibre, moisture and carbohydrate due to processing. High moisture level in seed 5.20 +0.6% DM compared with product 2.10+ 0.8% DM is indicative of the presence of appreciable quantity of trapped water in the matrices of fresh Irvingia seeds which was  favourable for fermentation. Amino acid profile showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in their levels in the seeds and the product. All the essential amino acids (EAA) were quantified with Leucine recording the highest value. In all, eighteen  amino acids were quantified in both the fresh seed and processed product. They are Leucine 8.30+ 0.11g/16g Nitrogen (N) product and 7.60 + 0.12g/16gN seed, isoleucine 3.20+ 0.04g/16gN seed and 4.50+ 0.1g/16gN product; threonine 2.20+ 0.30g/16gN seed and 3.10+ 0.1g/16gN product, glutamic acid 13.40+  0.11g/16gN seed and 15.20 + 0.10g/16gN product. These recorded increases. Serine 3.10+ 0.04g/16gN seed and 2.80+ 0.01g/16gN product was the only amino acid that recorded a decrease in level due to processing. Other amino acids were methionine, tryptophan, valine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, cystine, proline, glycerine, alanine, tyrosine, lysine and arginine. Processing method  resulted in slightly higher levels of essential nutrients in the product than the seeds. Further investigation to determine the micoflora involved in the fermentation is recommended. It would also be necessary to isolate and identify the food  enzymes in the endosperm of Irvingia gabonensis. It has been observed that  nutrient dense plant foodstuff are facing extinction due to urbanization and  increased patronage of fast foods, as such, there is need to increase available  information on their nutritive potentials to encourage utilization.Keywords: Pounding, Fermentation, Amino acids, Proximate, Irvingi

Determination of the chemical composition, the physicochemical properties of the oil extract and the amino acid profiles of the seeds of Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin)

The chemical composition of the seed of Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin), the physicochemical properties of the seed oil and the amino acids profiles of the seed protein have been determined. In proximate composition, the crude fat content of 58.41% indicates that the plant seed is an oil seed. Its protein content of 28.88% is high, it contains vitamins A and C and a number of nutritional minerals, it also contains tolerable amounts of toxicants (antinutrients). The physicochemical properties of the seed oil show that the oil has high saponification value, low free fatty acid, low peroxide value and specific gravity of 0.87, thus indicating that the oil is an edible one. The amino acids profiles of the seed protein show that the seed contains a good number of essential amino acids which compare well with FAO/WHO protein (standard) and the Hen\'s Egg protein. These results are discussed in terms of the nutritional values and the industrial potential of the seeds of Telfairia occidentalis. Keywords: Chemical composition, Telfairia occidentalis seed, physicochemical properties, amino acids profiles, oil seed. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Vol. 14 (3) 2008: pp. 295-30

Effect Of A Typical Rural Processing Method On The Proximate Composition And Amino Acid Profile Of Bush Mango Seeds ( Irvingia Gabonensis )

Various researchers have confirmed the view that forest and wood lands, among other natural boundaries in West Africa supply a massive amount of protein and carbohydrates to the citizens; however industrialization and urbanization has threaten many of the food species from these ecosystems. For instance Itugha known to be highly prized and delicious indigenous food is getting extinct and the possibility of it's origin and composition being lost in antiquity is high, more so data on nutrient composition of processed lrvingia products is limited. Samples of Itugha were prepared as it is obtained in the local setting. These and fresh seeds from the same source of fruits were subjected to proximate analysis and amino acid profile determination. The synergistic effect of pounding and fermentation (two rural processing methods) on proximate composition and amino acid profile of Irvingia gabonensis seeds were evaluated. Proximate analysis differed significantly (p ≥ 0.05) between the processed product and fresh Irvingia seeds in crude protein, fat, ash and dietary fiber contents. Protein value was 19.4± 0.4% dry matter (DM) for the product, 7.6 ± 0.8 of (DM) for fresh seed of var gabonensis, Crude fat 66.60± 0.80% DM seed and 58.00± 1.0% product; ash 9.50± 0.30% DM seed and 11.60 ± 0.6% DM product. Dietary fibre was 18.20± 1.80% DM seed and 12.30±2.00% DM product. Percent sucrose in starch was 2.10 ± 3.50% DM seed and 9.60± 3.10% DM product. There were significant losses in fat, dietary fibre, moisture and carbohydrate due to processing. High moisture level in seed 5.20 ±0.6% DM compared with product 2.10± 0.8% DM is indicative of the presence of appreciable quantity of trapped water in the matrices of fresh­ Irvingia seeds which was favourable for fermentation. Amino acid profile showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in their levels in the seeds and the product. All the essential amino acids (EAA) were quantified with Leucine recording the highest value. In all, eighteen amino acids were quantified in both the fresh seed and processed product. They are Leucine 8.30± 0.11g/16g Nitrogen (N) product and 7.60 ± 0.12g/16gN seed, isoleucine 3.20± 0.04g/16gN seed and 4.50± 0.1g/16gN product; threonine 2.20± 0.30g/16gN seed and 3.10± 0.1g/16gN product, glutamic acid 13.40± 0.11g/16gN seed and 15.20 ± 0.10g/16gN product. These recorded increases. Serine 3.10± 0.04g/16gN seed and 2.80± 0.01g/16gN product was the only amino acid that recorded a decrease in level due to processing. Other amino acids were methionine, tryptophan, valine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, cystine, proline, glycerine, alanine, tyrosine, lysine and arginine. Processing method resulted in slightly higher levels of essential nutrients in the product than the seeds. Further investigation to determine the micoflora involved in the fermentation is recommended. It would also be necessary to isolate and identify the food enzymes in the endosperm of Irvingia gabonensis. It has been observed that nutrient dense plant foodstuff are facing extinction due to urbanization and increased patronage of fast foods, as such, there is need to increase available information on their nutritive potentials to encourage utilization. i.Le effet synergétique du pilage et de la fermentation (deux méthodes rurales de traitement) sur la composition rapprochée et le profil de l'acide aminé des graines d' Irvingia gabonensis a été évalué. L'analyse rapprochée a différé considérablement (p ≥ 0.05) entre le produit traité et les graines fraîches d'Irvingia dans les protéine crues, les graisses, la cendre et les teneurs diététiques en fibre. La teneur en protéine était 19,4± 0.4% des matières sèches (m.s.) pour le produit, 7,6 ± 0,8 de m.s pour la graine fraîche de var gabonensis, les graisses crues 66,60± 0,80% de m.s. pour la semence et 58,00± 1,0% pour le produit; la cendre 9,50± 0,30% de m.s. pour la semence et 11,60 ± 0,6% de m.s pour le produit. La fibre diététique était 18,20± 1,80% de m.s pour la graine et 12,30±2,00% de m.s pour le produit. Le pourcentage de la saccharose dans l'amidon était 2,10 ± 3,50% de m.s pour les graines et 9,60± 3,10% de m.s pour le produit. Suite au traitement, il y a eu des pertes significatives dans les grasses, les fibres diététiques, l'humidité et l'hydrate de carbone. Le niveau élevé d'humidité dans les graines 5,20 ±0.6% de m.s par rapport au m.s du produit 2,10± 0,8% est une indication de la présence d'une quantité appréciable d'eau qui stagne dans les matrices de graines fraîches d'Irvingia, et cette eau a été favorable à la fermentation. Le profile de l'acide aminé a montré des différences significatives (p ≤ 0,05) dans leurs niveaux dans les graines et dans le produit. Tous les acides aminés essentiels (AAE) ont été quantifiés, la leucine enregistrant la valeur la plus élevée. Dans l'ensemble, dix-huit acides aminés ont été quantifiés aussi bien dans la graine fraîche que dans le produit traité. Ces acides sont comme suit : la leucine 8,30± 0,11g/16g, le produit azote (N) et la graine 7,60 ±0,12g/16gN, l'isoleucine 3,20± 0,04g/16gN graine et 4,50± 0,1g/16gN produit; thréonine 2,20± 0,30g/16gN graine et 3,10±0,1g/16gN produit, acide glutamique 13,40± 0,11g/16gN graine et 15,20 ± 0.10g/16gN produit. Ces acides ont enregistré des accroissements. La sérine 3,10± 0,04g/16gN graine et 2,80± 0,01g/16gN produit était le seul acide aminé qui a enregistré une diminution de niveau à cause du traitement. Les autres acides aminés étaient la méthionine, le tryptophane, la valine, la phénylalanine, l'histidine, l'acide aspartique, la cystine, la proline, la glycérine, l'alanine, la tyrosine, la lysine et l'arginine. La méthode de traitement a abouti à des niveaux légèrement plus élevés de nutriments essentiels dans le produit par rapport aux graines. Une enquête plus approfondie visant à déterminer les microflores impliquées dans la fermentation est recommandée. Il serait aussi nécessaire d'isoler et d'identifier les enzymes alimentaires dans l'endosperme de Irvingia gabonensis

Vitamin b12 supplementation: effects on some biochemical and haematological indices of rats on phenytoin administration

Phenytoin is known to have some toxicological implications. Vitamin B12 supplementation during phenytoin administration was investigated to assess the benefits and risks of single vitamin supplementation. This study evaluated the biochemical and haematological effects of vitamin B12 on phenytoin toxicity. Twenty-four experimental animals were divided into 3 groups of 8 rats each. The control (group 1) received distilled water as placebo. Groups 2 and 3 were given 5mg/kg body weight of phenytoin for 4 weeks while group 3 in addition tophenytoin received intra-peritoneal administration of 15g/kg body of vitamin B12 twice a week. Biochemical parameters such as AST, ALT, ALP, lipid profile and haematological indices were assayed as indices of toxicity. The result of the study showed that phenytoin administration resulted in anaemia which was ameliorated by vitaminB12 co-administration. Phenytoin also increased significantly the leukocyte count upon which B12 had no effect. Liver enzymes activities were significantly (

Effect Of Inhalation Exposure To Kerosene And Petrol-Fumes On Some Anaemia-Diagnostic Indices In Rats

Changes in total body weight, some anaemia-diagnostic indices (haematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and total serum protein) were determined in rats (Wistar albino strain) after 2 weeks of 4 hours daily inhalation exposure to ungraded concentrations of kerosene and petrol fumes. The results obtained for those rats exposed to petrol and kerosene fumes showed a significant decrease (