ゼツアツ コウトウ ウンドウ ケイソク システム ニ ヨル パーキンソンビョウ カンジャ ノ エンゲ ドウタイ ヒョウカ

The different forms of flowers in a species have attracted the attention of many evolutionary biologists, including Charles Darwin. In Fagopyrum esculentum (common buckwheat), the occurrence of dimorphic flowers, namely short-styled and long-styled flowers, is associated with a type of self-incompatibility (SI) called heteromorphic SI. The floral morphology and intra-morph incompatibility are both determined by a single genetic locus named the S-locus. Plants with short-styled flowers are heterozygous (S/s) and plants with long-styled flowers are homozygous recessive (s/s) at the S-locus. Despite recent progress in our understanding of the molecular basis of flower development and plant SI systems, the molecular mechanisms underlying heteromorphic SI remain unresolved. By examining differentially expressed genes from the styles of the two floral morphs, we identified a gene that is expressed only in short-styled plants. The novel gene identified was completely linked to the S-locus in a linkage analysis of 1,373 plants and had homology to EARLY FLOWERING 3. We named this gene S-LOCUS EARLY FLOWERING 3 (S-ELF3). In an ion-beam-induced mutant that harbored a deletion in the genomic region spanning S-ELF3, a phenotype shift from short-styled flowers to long-styled flowers was observed. Furthermore, S-ELF3 was present in the genome of short-styled plants and absent from that of long-styled plants both in world-wide landraces of buckwheat and in two distantly related Fagopyrum species that exhibit heteromorphic SI. Moreover, independent disruptions of S-ELF3 were detected in a recently emerged self-compatible Fagopyrum species and a self-compatible line of buckwheat. The nonessential role of S-ELF3 in the survival of individuals and the prolonged evolutionary presence only in the genomes of short-styled plants exhibiting heteromorphic SI suggests that S-ELF3 is a suitable candidate gene for the control of the short-styled phenotype of buckwheat plants

TISSUE POLYPEPTIDE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (TPS) AS A TUMOR MARKER FOR GYNECOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES : A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH TISSUE POLYPEPTIDE ANTIGEN (TPA), CANCER ANTIGEN 125 (CA125) AND SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN (SCC)

1957年共同研究者により各種腫瘍組織混合抽出液より精製されたtissue polypeptide antigen (TPA)はその後cytokeratins 8, 18, 19との交差反応が見られ,一種の細胞構築蛋白であることが判明している。最近Bjurk・lundはTPAをマウスに免疫しcytokeratinと交差しない単クローン抗体M3を得た。同抗体を使用して組み立てられたimmunoradiometrical assay (IRMA)を用いてspecific TPA (TPS)を各種婦人科癌患者血清にて測定し,従来のTPA, cancer antigen 125 (CA 125)およびsquamous cell carcinoma-associated antigen (SCC)と比較し,その臨床的有用性と限界を検討した。A new immunoradiometrical assay (IRMA) for a tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS) has recently been established using a monoclonal antibody (M 3) against purified tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA). With the use of this IRMA, we measured serum TPS levels in 68 patients with benign gynecologic diseases and in 71 patients with gynecologic malignancies before treatment. Eleven gynecological cancer patients who showed the positivity for TPS before the treatment were followed up by monitoring the serum TPS levels. Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) or squamous cell carcinoma-associated antigen (SCC) were also measured in these patients. The present study first described the clinical usefulness and weakness of TPS as a tumor marker for gynecologic malignancies by making a comparison with TPA, CA 125 or SCC

Climatic controls on soil clay mineral distributions in humid volcanic regions of Sumatra and Java, Indonesia

Climate and parent material are considered the primary factors determining the distributions of soil clay (secondary) minerals, but their influence has not been rigorously elucidated for tropical volcanic soils. Herein, we investigated soil secondary mineral distributions in volcanic regions of Java and Sumatra islands representing large variations in climatic (mean annual temperature (MAT): 13 to 27°C; precipitation: 1910 to 3950 mm) and parent material conditions (rhyolitic-to-basaltic tephra). Soil secondary minerals were assessed by selective extractions, X-ray diffraction analysis, and differential thermal analysis. Moreover, the thermodynamic stabilities of minerals were evaluated based on the ion activities of equilibrated soil–water suspensions. Factor analysis of climate and soil geochemical (e.g., total Si, Fe and K) properties identified temperature, dry season intensity, and parent material as the primary factors regulating secondary mineral distributions. A negative correlation between oxalate extractable Al and Fe (Alo and Feo) and the temperature factor indicates low temperature promoted the formation and preservation of short-range-order (SRO) minerals and organo-Al/Fe complexes, which resulted in Alo + 1/2Feo ≥ 20 g kg−1 (andic property criterion) at MAT <21°C. Desiccation in the dry season, represented by excess precipitation for the driest quarter of the year, was related to soil H4SiO40 activity of soil–water suspensions. High H4SiO40 activity resulting from intense seasonal desiccation coincided with a higher Si/Al ratio of SRO aluminosilicates (Si-rich allophane) and smectite. In contrast, low H4SiO40 activity enhanced the formation of SRO aluminosilicates with a low Si/Al ratio (Al-rich allophane) and gibbsite. The influence of parent materials was evident in high free Fe(hydr) oxide content in soils derived from mafic materials and the occurrence of mica, which altered to hydroxy-Al interlayered vermiculite under continuous leaching conditions, in soils from felsic materials. Overall, we demonstrated strong temperature and seasonal desiccation controls on secondary mineral distributions in the humid, tropical volcanic soils of Java and Sumatra islands

S-LOCUS EARLY FLOWERING 3 is exclusively present in the genomes of short-styled buckwheat plants that exhibit heteromorphic self-incompatibility.

The different forms of flowers in a species have attracted the attention of many evolutionary biologists, including Charles Darwin. In Fagopyrum esculentum (common buckwheat), the occurrence of dimorphic flowers, namely short-styled and long-styled flowers, is associated with a type of self-incompatibility (SI) called heteromorphic SI. The floral morphology and intra-morph incompatibility are both determined by a single genetic locus named the S-locus. Plants with short-styled flowers are heterozygous (S/s) and plants with long-styled flowers are homozygous recessive (s/s) at the S-locus. Despite recent progress in our understanding of the molecular basis of flower development and plant SI systems, the molecular mechanisms underlying heteromorphic SI remain unresolved. By examining differentially expressed genes from the styles of the two floral morphs, we identified a gene that is expressed only in short-styled plants. The novel gene identified was completely linked to the S-locus in a linkage analysis of 1,373 plants and had homology to EARLY FLOWERING 3. We named this gene S-LOCUS EARLY FLOWERING 3 (S-ELF3). In an ion-beam-induced mutant that harbored a deletion in the genomic region spanning S-ELF3, a phenotype shift from short-styled flowers to long-styled flowers was observed. Furthermore, S-ELF3 was present in the genome of short-styled plants and absent from that of long-styled plants both in world-wide landraces of buckwheat and in two distantly related Fagopyrum species that exhibit heteromorphic SI. Moreover, independent disruptions of S-ELF3 were detected in a recently emerged self-compatible Fagopyrum species and a self-compatible line of buckwheat. The nonessential role of S-ELF3 in the survival of individuals and the prolonged evolutionary presence only in the genomes of short-styled plants exhibiting heteromorphic SI suggests that S-ELF3 is a suitable candidate gene for the control of the short-styled phenotype of buckwheat plants

Expression of genes selected by in <i>silico</i> subtraction as determined by RT-PCR.

<p>The expression of genes corresponding to the 15 contigs selected by <i>in silico</i> subtraction was examined by RT-PCR using cDNA from long styles (LS) and short styles (SS) as templates. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031264#pone.0031264.s007" target="_blank">Table S1</a> for RT-PCR primers.</p

<i>S-ELF3</i> in <i>Fagopyrum</i> species.

<p>The gene structure and phylogeny of <i>S-ELF3</i> in five <i>Fagopyrum</i> species, including the SC Kyushu PL4 line, which contains the <i>S^h</i> allele of <i>F. homotropicum</i>, are shown. Species in blue and red font exhibit heteromorphic SI and homomorphic SC, respectively. Dark brown boxes and lines represent 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions and introns, respectively. Coding regions are colored blue. Red boxes and line indicate large insertions (>400 bp) and nonsense mutation, respectively. The phylogenetic tree in the inset was obtained by the Neighbor-joining method. The <i>S-ELF3</i> sequence from <i>F. urophyllum</i> was used as an outgroup. The bootstrap numbers (500 replicates) are shown next to the branches. The scale bar corresponds to 0.02 substitution per nucleotide site.</p

PCR survey of <i>S-ELF3</i> (<i>SSG3</i>) in 47 buckwheat landraces and modern cultivars.

<p>The numbering of individual plants corresponds to that shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031264#pone.0031264.s008" target="_blank">Table S2</a>. L, long-styled plant. S, short-styled plant. N, negative control. M, 1-kb DNA ladder (GenDireX).</p

Dimorphic flowers of buckwheat and schematic presentation of the intra-morph incompatibility response in buckwheat.

<p>Short-styled flowers of buckwheat have long stamens and vice versa. A pollen grain from a long-styled plant germinates and the pollen tube successfully elongates to reach the ovary in the pistil of a short-styled plant, whereas it germinates but fails to elongate in the style of long-styled flower.</p