Effects of a predatory starfish on substrate colonization by a dominant mussel

The pressure exerted by consumers has generally been considered to be among the main factors affecting the structure and processes in marine communities. Here, we assessed the effects of the predatory starfish Heliaster helianthus on substrate colonization by the dominant mussel Semimytilus algosus in a rocky intertidal area of the central Peruvian coast. We conducted 3 experiments: exclusions of starfish (1) from the edge of mussel beds, (2) from areas on bare substrate and (3) from areas surrounding recruitment mediators (i.e. branched macroalgae). The exclusion of H. helianthus resulted in increased cover of S. algosus in the 3 experiments. However, the colonization of the available space by S. algosus in the absence of starfish was more evident when facilitated by recruitment mediators or by migration from the edge of mussel beds than when colonization occurred during succession starting from bare substrate. By the end of the study period, however, increased S. algosus abundance, which coincided with the end of the cold phase (La Niña) of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, overwhelmed the effects of starfish. We suggest that periodic oceanographic fluctuations are also important in controlling community dynamics in Peruvian rocky intertidal zones, highlighting the variation in the relative importance of top-down versus bottom-up control when different temporal scales are considered. © Inter-Research 2011.Fil:Lomovasky, B.J. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

Effects of a predatory starfish on substrate colonization by a dominant mussel

The pressure exerted by consumers has generally been considered to be among the main factors affecting the structure and processes in marine communities. Here, we assessed the effects of the predatory starfish Heliaster helianthus on substrate colonization by the dominant mussel Semimytilus algosus in a rocky intertidal area of the central Peruvian coast. We conducted 3 experiments: exclusions of starfish (1) from the edge of mussel beds, (2) from areas on bare substrate and (3) from areas surrounding recruitment mediators (i.e. branched macroalgae). The exclusion of H. helianthus resulted in increased cover of S. algosus in the 3 experiments. However, the colonization of the available space by S. algosus in the absence of starfish was more evident when facilitated by recruitment mediators or by migration from the edge of mussel beds than when colonization occurred during succession starting from bare substrate. By the end of the study period, however, increased S. algosus abundance, which coincided with the end of the cold phase (La Niña) of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, overwhelmed the effects of starfish. We suggest that periodic oceanographic fluctuations are also important in controlling community dynamics in Peruvian rocky intertidal zones, highlighting the variation in the relative importance of top-down versus bottom-up control when different temporal scales are considered. © Inter-Research 2011.Fil:Lomovasky, B.J. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

BOTTOM-UP AND TOP-DOWN INTERACTIONS IN COASTAL INTERFACE SYSTEMS

The land–sea margin encompasses a variety of hard and soft-bottom habitats where organisms are exposed to a dynamic range of aquatic and atmospheric conditions dependent on a rhythm set by the tides. In this chapter, we focus on rocky intertidal and salt marsh ecosystems, which have been extensively studied on many continents. Both rocky shore and salt marsh communities exhibit strong and consistent patterns of intertidal zonation over relatively compressed spatial scales, making them excellent systems for understanding the context-dependency of species interactions. Hard-bottomed rocky intertidal communities are dominated by marine macroalgae and sessile marine invertebrates extending their reach to the furthest edge of the influence of sea spray, while soft-bottomed salt marsh communities are anchored by terrestrial plants with adaptations or tolerance to inundation by salty and brackish waters. Rocky shore communities may be battered by the full force of large ocean waves or gently lapped with seawater on more protected shorelines. In contrast, salt marshes are restricted to quiet waters where sediment accretion by plants is the main mechanism for habitat creation. Both communities may experience very large tidal excursions or only minimal ones, depending on the local dynamics of the tides, with corresponding consequences for the spatial extent of these communities across the shoreline. The steep environmental gradients and distinctive biological zonation patterns that characterize both rocky shore and salt marsh ecosystems (Fig. 7.1) have provided ecologists with accessible and highly tractable ecosystems for investigating the role of bottom-up and top-down factors along environmental gradients

The relictual population of the purple clam Amiantis Purpurata (l.) in northern Patagonia (Argentina): the history of a warm-temperate-water neogene survivor

The purple clam Amiantis purpurata (Lamarck) is a warm-temperate species inhabiting shallow water along the coast from Espiritu Santo (Brazil) to northern Patagonia. It is one of the few survivors of the middle–late Miocene faunal turnover which was characterized by the appearance of new taxa, most of them living now along the Argentinean coast. In order to study the biogeographic history of A. purpurata, a detailed review of its records was carried out. The oldest record of this species is from late Miocene rocks in Uruguay, and it appears that A. purpurata survived because its wide thermal tolerance range allowed larvae to migrate southwards from Uruguay, settling on the southern coast of Buenos Aires Province and San Matías Gulf. The characteristics of this gulf would have favored the development and settlement of the larvae, thus giving rise to the most abundant southern population during the Pleistocene. At the end of the Pleistocene, A. purpurata also survived the Last Glacial Maximum. During the Holocene, the population of A. purpurata in San Matías Gulf became isolated, but also represented the most abundant southern population of this species. During its brief Neogene history, Amiantis purpurata followed main global, regional and local events; thus it can be considered as an environmental indicator for this period.La almeja púrpura Amiantis purpurata (Lamarck) es una especie de aguas templado-cálidas que habita en aguas poco profundas desde Espíritu Santo (Brasil) hasta el norte de Patagonia. Es uno de los pocos sobrevivientes del intercambio faunístico del Mioceno medio–tardío, que se caracterizó por la aparición de nuevos taxa, la mayoría de ellos vivientes en la actualidad a lo largo de la costa argentina. Con el fin de reconstruir su historia biogeográfica, se llevó a cabo una revisión detallada de los registros. El registro más antiguo de A. purpurata proviene del Mioceno tardío en Uruguay, y sobrevivió debido a su amplia tolerancia térmica lo que habría permitido que las larvas migren desde Uruguay hacia el sur, donde se establecieron en la costa sur de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y en el Golfo San Matías. Además, las características de este golfo han impulsado el desarrollo y asentamiento de las larvas, lo que daría lugar a la población más abundante situada más al sur durante el Pleistoceno. Al final del Pleistoceno, A. purpurata también sobrevivió al Último Máximo Glacial y, una vez en el Holoceno, la población de A. purpurata del Golfo San Matías quedó aislada, lo que representa la población más abundante y austral de esta especie. A lo largo de su breve historia geológica durante el Neógeno, Amiantis purpurata acompañó a los principales acontecimientos ocurridos a escala global, regional y local; por lo tanto, esta especie puede ser considerada como un indicador ambiental para este período.Fil: Bayer, María Sol. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; ArgentinaFil: Gordillo, Sandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones En Ciencias de la Tierra; ArgentinaFil: Morsán, Enrique . Instituto de Biología Marina y Pesquera Almirante Storni; Argentin