Investigation of the Application of a New Method of Extraction Intensification of Pectin Substances From a Beet Pulp

The aim of research is studying a new method for intensifying extraction of pectin substances during acid extraction of pectin-containing raw materials. The description of the experimental setup and the procedure for processing the results of the investigation of the application of a new method for intensifying the beet pulp extraction are described. The results of experimental studies on the application of a new combined mixing element for intensifying the extraction of pectin-containing raw materials (beet pulp) and its effect on quantitative and qualitative output characteristics are presented. Mathematical models are constructed on the basis of regression equations of the full factorial experiment with the use of a new method of intensifying the extraction process to select input technological parameters for the extraction of pectin substances from pectin-containing raw materials. The rational operating parameters of the process of extraction of pectin substances with the use of a new combinable stirring element are determined. Such working parameters are: the process duration is 1 ... 1.1, the temperature of the working medium is 60 ... 70 ºС, and the hydromodule is 8 ... 10. The research results can be used to study other technological parameters of the extraction process of pectin substances, as well as to develop a technological line for the production of pectin products

The role of non-commercial cyprinids in maintenance and spread of the opisthorchiasis focus in the middle Ob River basin (Tomsk region, Russia)

The study assessed the role of non-commercial cyprinid species in maintaining the opisthorchiasis focus in the middle Ob River basin, Tomsk region, Russia. The source of O. felineus infection for humans and carnivores is fish of the family Cyprinidae. This is the most numerous family, 14 species live in the middle Ob River basin, which includes 6 commercial species and 8 non-commercial species. This study aimed to investigate the current situation on infestation of non-commercial cyprinids with O. felineus metacercariae and their role in maintaining and spreading the natural focus of opisthorchiasis in the middle Ob River basin. We investigated 4 non-commercial species (tench, sunbleak, common bleak, gudgeon), which are highly abundant in water bodies. Tench, common bleak and gudgeon are objects of amateur fishing. These species are traditionally included in the diet of the local population. Opisthorchis felineus metacercariae were recorded in muscles of all the examined fish species. The identification of metacercariae was confirmed by morphological methods and PCR diagnostics. Tench and sunbleak are the main sources of opisthorchiasis infection in the floodplain lakes of the Ob River basin (the prevalence of tench infection is 89.3% and mean intensity of infection is 11.2 metacercariae per fish, the prevalence of sunbleak infection is 50.9% and the intensity of infection is 4.25 metacercariae per fish). The prevalence of infection in the introduced common bleak from the rivers of the middle Ob River basin is rapidly increasing from 2.4 (2016-2018) to 37.5% (2020-2021), and mean intensity of infection increased from 1 to 4.15. The epizootic state of water bodies in the middle Ob River basin remains unfavorable in relation to opisthorchiasis. Tench, common bleak and sunbleak, along with ide and dace, are the main source of infection for humans and animals, which is evidenced by high infection with Opisthorchis felineus metacercariae in these numerous fish species. They pose the greatest danger of infection of people and animals with opisthorchiasis. These species should be included in the campaign to avoid raw and poorly cooked fish in the diet. In addition, such species as roach, bream and sunbleak also pose the danger of infection with opisthorchiasis, but to a lesser extent

Interaction of microplastics and terrestrial and aquatic insects (bioaccumulation, degradation, ecotoxicological effects)

World production of convenient and durable materials made of synthetic plastics during the last 70 years caused the dispersal of microplastic particles in the environment. Microplastic pollution is the focus of interest worldwide due to its global distribution and adverse effects on living organisms. The largest number of studies addressing this issue explored the aquatic environment, yet terrestrial ecosystems also suffer from microplastic pollution. Insects are crucial for most terrestrial ecosystems. Few can compete with them in biomass productivity and species diversity, which makes them targets for studying the toxic bioaccumulation. This review article presents a systematic analysis of data on bioaccumulation, degradation of microplastics by aquatic and terrestrial entomofauna, and its ecotoxicological effects

The Role of Vesicles in Transporting of Cholera Toxin

The review reports on the secretion pathways of the main virulence factor of Vibrio cholerae, cholera toxin, both through the two-stage Sec-dependent type 2 secretion system and with the help of vesicles of the outer membrane of V. cholerae. The ways of toxin transfer into the host organism, depending on its form, are discussed. The well-studied free soluble cholera toxin is secreted extracellularly and transmitted in a GM1-dependent manner through cholesterolrich lipid rafts. The transfer of cholera toxin associated with vesicles has advantages over free toxin, because substances inside the outer membrane vesicles are protected from external proteases and host antibodies by the membrane that forms the vesicle. Vesicular transporting of cholera toxin into the target cell occurs via clathrin-dependent, caveolin-dependent and lipid raft-dependent endocytosis. The specific transport route is determined by the structure of the vesicles. Clathrindependent endocytosis is described for V. cholerae strains cultivated at low osmolarity of the medium, whose outer membrane vesicles contain the cholera toxin subunit A inside. Lipid raft-dependent endocytosis is characteristic of vesicles in which cholera toxin is located on the surface. In addition, endocytosis of V. cholerae outer membrane vesicles through structures known as caveolae is presented

Presentability of the Utrish Nature Reserve's benthic communities for the North Caucasian Black Sea Coast

An assessment of the presentability of the biotopes and benthic communities of the northwestern part of the Utrish Nature Reserve marine area for the Caucasian Black Sea coast has been conducted. The literary and original data on the state of benthos in the area from the Kerch Strait to Adler were examined. The studied area of the Utrish Natural Reserve included habitats that are common along the coast (an active cliff, a narrow pebble beach, boulder deposits, rock bench and soft sediments). Only two of the three well-known Black Sea belt macrozoobenthic biocoenoses were observed along the northeastern Black Sea coast: the shallow-water «venus sand» and the deep-water «phaseolina silt». The third biocoenosis («mussel mud») was not noted neither in the reserve's area nor in the studied part of the shelf to the south of Novorossiysk. Of these three belts only «venus sand» was found in the Utrish Nature Reserve's marine area. The absence of the mussel belt in the studied area of the reserve is typical for the southern part of the North Caucasian coast in the current period and thus does not affect the presentability of the reserve's benthic ecosystem. The biocoenosis of the bivalves Pitar rudis – Gouldia minima was common at the muddy sand with shells in both reserve's and reference sites' middle-depths complex instead of the mussel belt which was typical for the 20th century. Its boundary was 10 m deeper in the reserve compared to the reference sites. The absence of the Modiolula phaseolina belt in the area of the reserve could be explained by the insufficient width of the protected marine area (up to 52 m depth); due to this the deep-water complex in the reserve is actually represented by a narrow strip. Extension of the reserve's boundary over the depth of 70 m will include this biocoenosis into the Protected Area, which would significantly increase the presentability of the reserve's marine part for the North Caucasian coast. The biogeographical composition of the reserve's flora, its species diversity and structure in general corresponds to that of the whole region. The macrophyte zone consists of four belts: upper (0–2 m, Dictyota fasciola f. repens + Polysiphonia opaca + Ceramium ciliatum + Ulva compressa), upper mid (2–12 m, Cystoseira crinita + Cystoseira barbata – Cladostephus spongiosus – Ellisolandia elongata), lower mid (12–18 m, Phyllophora crispa, Codium vermilara and Bonnemaisonia hamifera), and the lower belt (below 18 m) formed by a recent invader, B. hamifera. The majority of species found in the reserve's marine area are common species of the Black Sea macrophytobenthos. However, the Utrish Nature Reserve includes more favourable habitats for macrophytes than most of the North Caucasian coast, because the typical macrophyte Cystoseira spp. have been noted at greater depths in the reserve, in comparison to the remaining shelf

Principles of healthcare management for patients with pulmonary hypertension: focus on continuity

In managing care for patients with rare, rapidly progressive pathologies such as pulmonary hypertension (PH) and chronic thromboembolic hypertension (CTEPH), early diagnosis and speed of routing are of particular importance. Reducing the time spent on patient routing reduces the risk of disease progression, the rate of hospitalizations, and thereby the socioeconomic burden of the disease.In the Republic of Karelia, an algorithm for routing patients with PH and CTEPH has been created, which is an example of a successful healthcare management

Analysis of Multiple Infection in Ixodic Ticks <i>Dermacentor reticulatus</i> in a Combined Natural Focus of Vector-Borne Infections in the Tomsk Region

The aim of the study was to characterize mono- and mixed infection with causative agents of vector-borne infections in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks inhabiting one of the anthropourgic foci of the Tomsk Region. Materials and methods. D. reticulatus ticks were collected from vegetation “on the flag” in the forest park zones of the southern part of Tomsk in August and September, 2020–2021. To isolate nucleic acids from homogenates of mites and subsequent PCR diagnostics, kits of the RealBest series (“Vector-Best”, Novosibirsk) were used. 184 individual samples of nucleic acids were examined for the presence of molecular-genetic markers of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), pathogenic borrelia, babesia, rickettsia, anaplasma, and ehrlichia. Results and discussion. The spectrum of pathogens detected through PCR assay of ticks collected in one of the anthropurgic foci of the Tomsk Region in 2020 and 2021 includes TBEV, pathogenic borrelia, rickettsia, and babesia. The highest rate of D. reticulatus infection has been established in relation to candidate pathogens of tick-borne rickettsioses (Rickettsia sp.) and babesioses (Babesia sp.). The overall frequency of co-infection in D. reticulatus was 12.88 %. Seven different associations of pathogens infecting D. reticulatus have been identified. The majority (88.24 %) of the detected cases of mixed infection were rickettsia associations. Double infection has been registered in 94 % of the total number of mixed variants. Markers of four tick-borne infection pathogens simultaneously (Rickettsia species DNA, Babesia species DNA, Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. DNA and TBEV RNA) have been found in one sample. Changes in areal of the D. reticulatus against the background of an increase in their numbers, determines the need to analyze the epidemiological significance of the ticks of this species in combined foci of tick-borne infections, especially in the zone of sympatry with ixodic ticks of other species

Позитронная эмиссионная томография сердца в прогнозировании клинического течения хронической тромбоэмболической легочной гипертензии: проспективное когортное исследование

INTRODUCTION: During the development of CTEPH maladaptive mechanisms in the right ventricle are accompanied by disturbances in myocardial energy metabolism and perfusion. These changes can be assessed visually and quantitatively using the molecular imaging method — PET with [18F]-FDG and [13N]-NH3.OBJECTIVE: Using cardiac PET/CT investigate the relationship between perfusion and metabolism of the right ventricular myocardium and the results of other instrumental examination methods in patients with CTEPH of different severity, as well as to calculate the threshold PET values to determine the group of patients with an unfavorable clinical course of the disease.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 36 patients with a verified diagnosis of CTEPH, who were examined using a standard diagnostic protocol. Patients underwent cardiac PET/CT examinations with two radiopharmaceuticals: with [18F]-FDG to study the metabolism of the ventricular myocardium and with [13N]-NH3 to assess cardiac perfusion. For each radiopharmaceutical semi-quantitative accumulation indices (SUV) and the ratio of the levels of radiopharmaceutical uptake in the right and left ventricles (SUV RV/SUV LV) were obtained. Statistics: Shapiro-Wilk test, Student’s t-test, and Mann-Whitney U-test, Pearson correlation analysis, linear regression analysis, ROC analysis.RESULTS: The level of [18F]-FDG accumulation in the right ventricular myocardium is higher in patients with a high functional class of PH than in groups I, II (p&lt;0.01). All indicators of SUV RV/SUV LV for [18F]-FDG demonstrate a direct linear relation-ship with the level of mean PAP (r=0.691, p&lt;0.0001), PVR (r=0.715, p&lt;0.0001), right ventricular size (r=0.658, p&lt;0.0001), PASP (r=0.581, p&lt;0.001) and inverse linear relationship with the functional parameters of the right ventricle CI (r=–0.555, p=0.001), CO (r=–0.488, p=0.005), TAPSE (r=–0.552, p&lt;0.001), TAVS (r=–0.537, p&lt;0.001), and SvO2 (r=–0.666, p&lt;0.0001). A correlation was found between the accumulation of [13N]-NH3 and the main hemodynamic parameters used to assess the severity of the disease (СI, SvO2). The threshold values of [18F]-FDG and [13N]-NH3 accumulation indices have been obtained, which with high sensitivity (69.2–83.3%), specificity (68.4–94.7%) and diagnostic accuracy (0.73–0.83) make it possible to identify patients with a low cardiac index and an unfavorable prognosis.DISCUSSION: The obtained results confirm the presence of glucose hypermetabolism in right ventricular cardiomyocytes in the development of pulmonary hypertension and the association of these metabolic changes with the severity of PH. A significant correlation was demonstrated between the accumulation of both radiopharmaceuticals in the heart and the results of other examination methods characterizing the severity of disease and the prognosis of patients with CTEPH. Using a non-invasive PET/CT procedure, threshold values of PET parameters were obtained, which in the future can be used to identify patients with an unfavorable clinical prognosis.CONCLUSION: Cardiac PET/CT with [18F]-FDG and [13N]-NH3 is a promising non-invasive imaging technique that can be used to study metabolic and perfusion changes in the right ventricular myocardium in CTEPH, as well as to identify patients with a high risk of adverse events.ВВЕДЕНИЕ: При развитии ХТЭЛГ дезадаптивные механизмы в правом желудочке сопровождаются нарушениями энергетического метаболизма и перфузии миокарда. Данные изменения могут быть оценены визуально и количественно с помощью метода молекулярной визуализации — ПЭТ с [18F]-ФДГ и [13N]-NH3.ЦЕЛЬ: С помощью метода ПЭТ/КТ сердца исследовать взаимосвязь между показателями перфузии и метаболизма миокарда правого желудочка и результатами других инструментальных методов обследования у пациентов с ХТЭЛГ разной степени тяжести, а также рассчитать пороговые значения параметров ПЭТ для определения группы больных с неблагоприятным клиническим течением заболевания.МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ: В исследование включены 36 пациентов с верифицированным диагнозом ХТЭЛГ, которые прошли обследование в рамках стандартного диагностического протокола. Пациентам выполнены ПЭТ/КТ-исследования сердца с двумя радиофармпрепаратами (РФП): с [18F]-ФДГ для изучения метаболизма миокарда желудочков и с [13N]-NH3 для оценки перфузии сердца. Для каждого радиофармпрепарата были получены полуколичественные показатели накопления (SUV) и отношения уровней захвата РФП в правом и левом желудочках (SUV ПЖ/SUV ЛЖ). Статистика: критерий Шапиро–Уилка, t-тест Стьюдента и U-критерий Манна–Уитни, корреляционный анализ Пирсона, линейный регрессионный анализ, ROC-анализ.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: Уровень накопления [18F]-ФДГ в миокарде правого желудочка у пациентов с высоким функциональным классом ЛГ выше, чем в группе I, II ФК (p&lt;0,01). Все показатели SUV ПЖ/SUV ЛЖ для [18F]-ФДГ демонстрируют прямую линейную взаимосвязь с уровнем срДЛА (r=0,691, p&lt;0,0001), ЛСС (r=0,715, p&lt;0,0001), размерами правого желудочка (r=0,658, p&lt;0,0001), РСДЛА (r=0,581, p&lt;0,001) и обратную линейную взаимосвязь с функциональными параметрами правого желудочка СИ (r=–0,555, p=0,001), СВ (r=–0,488, p=0,005), TAPSE (r=–0,552, p&lt;0,001), TAVS (r=–0,537, p&lt;0,001), а также с SvO2 (r=–0,666, p&lt;0,0001). Выявлена корреляция между накоплением [13N]-NH3 и основными гемодинамическими параметрами, характеризующими тяжесть заболевания (СИ, SvO2). Получены пороговые значения показателей накопления [18F]-ФДГ и [13N]-NH3, которые с высокой чувствительностью (69,2–83,3%), специфичностью (68,4–94,7%) и диагностической точностью (0,73–0,83) позволяют идентифицировать пациентов с низким сердечным индексом и неблагоприятным прогнозом.ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ: Полученные результаты подтверждают наличие гиперметаболизма глюкозы в кардиомиоцитах правого желудочка при развитии легочной гипертензии и ассоциацию данных метаболических изменений со степенью тяжести ЛГ. Продемонстрирована значимая корреляция показателей накопления обоих РФП в сердце с результатами других методов обследования, характеризующими тяжесть состояния и прогноз пациентов с ХТЭЛГ. С помощью неинвазивной процедуры ПЭТ/КТ получены пороговые значения параметров ПЭТ, которые в перспективе могут быть использованы для идентификации пациентов с неблагоприятным клиническим прогнозом.ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: ПЭТ/КТ сердца с [18F]-ФДГ и [13N]-NH3 является перспективной неинвазивной визуализирующей методикой, с помощью которой возможно исследовать метаболические и перфузионные изменения в миокарде правого желудочка при ХТЭЛГ, а также выявить пациентов с высоким риском наступления неблагоприятных событий

Evaluation of Biological Properties of New Selective Differential Medium for Cholera Vibrios Isolation Based on the Results of Laboratоry Trials

Previously developed selective differential medium for V. cholerae growth was modernized. The modernized medium called SDMV-M was shown to possess the required sensitivity and germination index. The growth of E. coli was entirely inhibited, that of P. vulgaris was inhibited considerably. The medium possessed good differentiating ability: orange V. cholerae colonies were clearly distinguished from concomitant microorganisms. In the laboratory trials SDMV-M demonstrated some advantages as regards V. cholerae isolation from contaminated faeces in comparison with the reference medium TCBS

2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Pulmonary hypertension, including chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

Russian Society of Cardiology (RSC)With the participation: Association of Cardiovascular Surgeons of Russia, Russian Respiratory Society, Federation of Anesthesiologists and Resuscitators, Association of Rheumatologists of Russia, National Congress of Radiation Diagnosticians