Investigations into the transmission of horsesickness at Onderstepoort during the season 1932-1933

During the summer of 1932-1933 our work on the natural transmission of horsesickness was continued at Onderstepoort. The summer was extraordinarily dry, the total rainfall from November, 1932, to April, 1933, being only 11.43 inches. Notwithstanding the dry character of the season horsesickness was extremely severe throughout the country during the second half of March and in April. At Onderstepoort, animals which were always stabled at night also contracted the disease. In contra distinction to the general opinion, therefore, there appears to exist no very close relationship between rainfall and the occurrence of horsesickness and stabling at night does not afford a sufficient degree of protection against infection. Two extremely important epidemiological facts so far as the planning of experimental work was concerned thus proved to be unreliable. An insect survey carried out in the field at Onderstepoort confirmed the results obtained during the previous season as to the important field species of Aedes, viz. A. caballus, A. lineatopennis, A. hirsutus, A. dentatus and Mucidus mucidus. An extensive search revealed the unexpected result that larvae of Anophelines, especially of Anopheles gambiae, A. pretoriensis, A. rufipes and A. mauritianus were present in fair numbers during the driest part of the season in a river bed and in a marshy area formed by accidental leakage of water. Rain of even medium intensity destroyed the breeding places. Anophelines appear to find suitable breeding conditions in very wet or very dry seasons and had thus to be regarded as potential transmitters. The occurrence of Anopheles gambiae, an important malaria carrier, at Onderstepoort during a very dry season is of special interest. The experimental technique was the same as that worked out during the previous season and already described in a separate paper. The strains of virus used for infecting the mosquito were derived from a number of spontaneous cases. Only fresh material or early generations were used. In some experiments the virus horses were infected with different strains at the same time. In all, 31 experiments were carried out with mosquitoes in which experimentally infected insects were either injected subcutaneously into or refed after varying intervals on susceptible horses. 591 Specimens were injected after 5 to 54 clays, and 615 mosquitoes refed after periods of from 5 to 36 days. One experiment only was positive in which 8 Anopheles gambiae, 8 A. mauritianus and 7 A. pretoriensis were injected in the form of an emulsion 7 days after having fed on a virus horse. The other experiments were all negative. The negative results comprised the injection of: 21 Aedes caballus after 7 days, 27 A. lineatopennis after 16-39 days, 398 A. caballus and A. lineatopennis (mixed) after 31-39 days, 8 A. nigeriensis after 7-9 days, 50 A. argenteus after 7-30 days, 3 Culex annulioris after 30 days, 16 Mucidus mucidus after 5-24 days, 4 Anopheles gambiae after 27-54 days, 5 A. mauritianus after 39-54 days and 19 A. pretoriensis after 5-54 days. The negative results obtained by feeding mosquitoes consisted of the feeding of 137 Aedes caballus after 5-20 days, 28 A. lineatopennis after 11-18 days, 5 A. caballus and A. lineatopennis (mixed) after 7 days, 88 A. hirsutus after 11-16 days, 16 A. dentatus after 7-19 days, 55 A. argenteus after 10-23 days, 3 Culex annulioris after 19 days, 26 Mucidus mucidus after 7-22 days, 36 Anopheles gambiae after 7-36 days, 60 A. mauritianus after 7-35 days, 70 A. pretoriensis after 7-36 days, 76 A. rufipes after 7-36 days and 15 A. squamosus after 7-35 days. During the previous season, in a total of 35 experiments, 1,434 specimens of Aedes, Culex and Anopheles had been injected after intervals of from ½ to 65 days and 704 Aedes and Culex had been refed after 1 minute to 65 days. During the two seasons, together 2,025 mosquitoes had been injected and 1,319 specimens refed after intervals of up to 65 days. Positive results had been obtained occasionally by the injection of relatively large numbers of mosquitoes at intervals of up to 7 days but never after this period or by feeding. The important species of all the promising groups of mosquitoes, viz., Aedes, Mucidus and Anopheles have been controlled with sufficient material for transmission purposes to justify the conclusion that, mosquitoes are not vectors of horsesickness. It is of interest to note that even in the case of Aedes argenteus, the vector of yellow fever and dengue, the horsesickness virus displayed no tendency to persist for any length of time. Finally, in two experiments, the eggs of 10 Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and 1 Hyalomma aegyptium, which had engorged on a spontaneous case of horsesickness, were injected without producing a reaction. With the present state of our knowledge we are unable to indicate any probable vectors of horsesickness the transmitting capacity of which might be investigated, once mosquitoes have been excluded. Further information will have to be obtained by means of insect surveys in the field and the new epidemiological facts established during this season will have to be taken into consideration.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 300dpi. Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format

Handling mosquitoes for experimental purposes under South African conditions

In the course of experiments on the transmission of horse-sickness and blue-tongue of sheep [ cf. preceding paper], it was found necessary to evolve methods for rearing mosquitos, feeding them on experimental animals and keeping them alive in South Africa, where adverse climatic conditions, particularly the low humidity, proved to be the most important obstacle. As previous experience on this subject was of little real value, the methods had to be worked out from the beginning, and a somewhat detailed account of observations and results is given as a guide for future workers. The paper is divided into four sections, the first of which deals with the catching of adult and larval mosquitos. The second gives the methods used for keeping mosquitos alive in the laboratory and includes a description of a rack holding two tiers of cages in which a high humidity was maintained by running water on to the metal top of the rack, allowing it to soak the hessian with which the rack was covered and. draining the excess away by means of gutters round the base. Methods of feeding mosquitos on horses are described in the third section, which also shows the arrangements for attaching cages to the horses by means of elastic bands attached to a girth or by inserting them in holes in a specially constructed metal, saddle. Details are given of a special insect-proof stable in which the horse is prevented from lying down and a high humidity is maintained by means of walls of hessian kept wet in a manner similar to that used for the cages. When feeding mosquitos on sheep, the subject of the last section, the cages were held in position by tapes tied to locks of wool [ cf. R.A.E. B 22 171], and sufficient moisture was supplied by covering the tops of the cages with damp cotton-wool held in position by the same tapes.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.mn2015mn201