Механизмы реагирования ритмической структуры внешнего дыхания у больных бронхиальной астмой на прерывистую нормобарическую гипокситерапию

The method of intermittent normobaric hypoxic therapy (INHT) was applied in 82 asthmatic patients to investigate the response of respiratory circadian rhythms to hypoxic stimulation. Results of the study showed that the INHT effect was appeared as a growth of average daily values of the lung vital capacity and forced expiration volume provided mainly by unidirectional changes in medium and small bronchi resistance. The achrophase synchronisation of the intrasystemic parameters and vanishing of the daily and the 12-h rhythms took place along with restoration of the blood oxygenation rhythm.The lung volume and flow rate parameters of the morning chronotype responded to the hypoxic training by considerable changes in the phase values under insignificant dynamics of the quantitative rhythm parameters, such as amplitude and measure. On the contrary, the rhythm variations of the evening chronotype were characterised by great changes in the amplitude and the measure while the achrophase shift was unreliable.Методом прерывистой нормобарической гипокситерапии (ПНГ) пролечены 32 больных с бронхиальной астмой с целью изучения динамики циркадианных ритмов внешнего дыхания на гипоксическую стимуляцию. Результаты исследования показали, что эффект ПНГ выражается в приросте среднесуточных показателей жизненной емкости легких (Ж ЕЛ) и объема форсированного выдоха в основном за счет однонаправленных изменений сопротивления бронхов среднего и мелкого калибра. Происходит синхронизация акрофаз внутрисистемных показателей, исчезновение внутрисуточной и собственно 12-часовой ритмики с восстановлением ритма оксигенации крови.Объемные и скоростные параметры дыхания у пациентов, относящихся к утреннему хронотипу, реагируют на гипоксическую тренировку достоверным изменением фазовых величин при незначительных изменениях количественных показателей ритма — амплитуды и мезора. Динамика ритмических колебаний в вечерней подгруппе, наоборот, характеризуется значимым изменением амплитудно-мезорных величин, в то время как смещение акрофаз недостоверн

LATE VENTRICULAR POTENTIALS AND CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC CONNECTIVE TISSUE DYSPLASIA AND ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

To investigate the association between late ventricular potentials and cardiac arrhythmias, 35 patients with cardiac connective tissue dysplasia (CTD), 34 patients with cardiac CTD and arterial hypertension (AH), and 39 relatively healthy people were examined. All participants underwent 24-hour ECG monitoring, echocardiography, and high definition ECG, in accordance with the 1999 clinical guidelines by the European Society of Cardiology. The duration of filtered QRS signal and low-amplitude signals at 40 mkV level in the end of QRS, as well as mean quadratic amplitude of the last 40 ms of filtered QRS signal, were assessed. High definition ECG and Holter ECG monitoring facilitates the prediction of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with cardiac CTD

High Spectral and Spatial Resolution Soft X-ray/XUV VLS Spectrographs

We report the implementation of three high-resolution VLS-grating spectrometers intended for laboratory applications: (i) an inherently stigmatic (imaging) broadband (12.5–30 nm) spectrograph, which uses the synergy of an aperiodic normal-incidence multilayer mirror and a plane grazing-incidence VLS grating; (ii) a scanning spectrometer/monochromator of the Hettrick–Underwood type with a constant deviation angle and a nearly constant focal distance at wavelengths λ < 30 nm; (iii) a flat-field 0.5-m long spectrograph of the Harada type. Broadband (11–14 nm) aperiodic Mo/Be multilayers were designed for extending the range of the imaging spectrograph to 11 nm. Numerical techniques were developed to calculate interference lithography configurations that provide the desired line density variation across the aperture of plane/concave VLS gratings

Aperiodic components in optics of soft x-ray region

This book is devoted to the design, implementation and application of two kinds of aperiodic optical components of vacuum ultraviolet and soft x-ray spectral regions - aperiodic multilayer mirrors and reflective diffraction gratings with the groove density monotonically varying along the aperture in accordance with a prescribed dependence (Varied Line-Space gratings). New capabilities opened by these components are described

Aperiodic reflection diffraction gratings for soft X-ray radiation and their application

We briefly review the works concerned with the development and experimental use of the spectral instruments based on aperiodic reflection gratings whose spacing varies monotonically across the aperture according to a prescribed law (VLS gratings). The review considers the employment of VLS-grating instruments intended for the spectroscopy of laboratory and astrophysical plasmas, including the diagnostics of relativistic laser plasmas, for measuring X-ray laser linewidths, for recording the high-order harmonics of laser radiation, the radiation of fast electric discharges and other laboratory X-ray sources, as well as in reflectometry, X-ray fluorescence analysis and microscopy with the use of synchrotron radiation and laser-plasma radiation, and in emission spectroscopy combined with an electron microscope. Also discussed are achievements in the recently undertaken design and development of special-purpose VLS spectrometers intended for the investigation of the electronic structure of different materials and molecules by the spectroscopic technique of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering of synchrotron radiation. We describe flat-field grazing-incidence spectrometers with concave VLS gratings, which are compatible with modern CCD detectors, as well as plane VLS gratings, which are the key elements of scanning high- and ultrahigh-resolution spectrometers/monochromators with a constant deviation angle and stigmatic (imaging) spectrometers, which are also compatible with CCD detectors

Soft X-ray spectrometers based on aperiodic reflection gratings and their application

This paper is concerned with the history, properties, development, application and prospects of soft X-ray (2 – 300 Å) VLS spectrometers, i.e. spectrometers with reflection diffraction gratings whose spacing varies monotonically across the aperture according to a prescribed law (the so-called Varied Line-Space (VLS) gratings). An important feature of grazing-incidence VLS spectrometers is that the spectrum is formed on a nearly flat surface perpendicular (or slightly inclined) to the diffracted beams, making them perfectly compatible with modern CCD detectors (backside-illuminated CCDs). VLS spectrometers are employed for the spectroscopy of laboratory and astrophysical plasmas, including the diagnostics of relativistic laser-produced plasmas, for measuring the linewidth of an X-ray laser, recording the high-order harmonics of laser radiation, the emission of fast electric discharges and other laboratory X-ray sources. Instruments with VLS gratings are employed to advantage in reflectometry/metrology, X-ray fluorescence analysis, and microscopy with the use of synchrotron, free-electron laser, and laser-produced plasma radiation, as well as in SXR emission spectroscopy combined with an electron microscope (SXES). Recent years have seen the active development of VLS spectrometers dedicated to the investigation of the electronic structure of different materials and molecules by resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation. Among recent trends is the development of VLS gratings with a multilayer reflective coating and extension of the operating spectral range towards "tender" X-rays (ℏω∼ 1.5...6 keV), some projects aiming to achieve a resolving power λ/δλ∼105 in the region ℏω∼ 1 keV. Keywords: soft X-ray radiation, aperiodic reflection diffraction grating (VLS grating), flat-field spectrometer, scanning spectrometer/monochromator, stigmatic (imaging) spectrometer