Химический состав приземного атмосферного аэрозоля в Баренцбурге (архипелаг Шпицберген) по результатам многолетних исследований

The chemical composition (ions, elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) of aerosol and gaseous impurities (SO2, HNO3, HCl, NH3) in the surface layer of the atmosphere in Barentsburg, located on the Western Svalbard island (Svalbard archipelago), is analyzed. Atmospheric aerosol and gaseous impurities brought to the Arctic from middle latitudes and deposited on snow and ice not only interact with various natural objects, but also spread to long distances with melting dirty snow and ice. Air sampling was carried out following to methodology adopted by the international networks of the atmospheric monitoring programs in South-East Asia (EANET) and Europe (EMEP). In 2011-2015, the observations of the chemical composition of the atmospheric ground layer were performed daily during the light season (April–September), and monthly from April 2016 to 2018. The largest total ion concentrations were observed in 2011–2012. Seasonal variability of ion concentrations in the aerosol was characterized by high values in the cold period (October–February) and low values in the warm one (May–June). High values of the coefficient of correlation between ions Na+ and Cl− (r = 0,93) as well as between Mg2+ and Cl−  (r = 0,81) throughout the year show that the main source of the aerosol is the sea surface. The significant correlation between ions K+, NO3-, NH4+, SO42−, K+, SO42− in the polar night point to the influence of local sources: coal mining at the mine and its3 combustion at thermal power plants. Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the gaseous impurities (SO2, HNO3) into the atmosphere, especially during the polar night, is also influenced by local sources. Among the elements the maximum enrichment of the aerosol was revealed for As, Cr, Zn, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, W, and Pb with a low content of Cd, Sn, Sb, W, and Pb in the coal, sludge and on the underlying surface. On the basis of the elemental composition of the aerosol and the back-trajectory analysis, it was shown that the air masses enriched in heavy metals come to the area of the Barentsburg settlement from middle latitudes.Прослежена межгодовая (2011–2017 гг.) и сезонная (2016–2018 гг.) изменчивость компонентов химического состава (ионы, элементы, полициклические ароматические углеводороды) атмосферного аэрозоля и газообразных примесей (SO2, HNO3, HCl, NH3) в приземной атмосфере западной части Российской Арктики (пос. Баренцбург на Шпицбергене)

Химический состав атмосферного аэрозоля арктических районов в летний период 2021 года

Atmospheric aerosol is an important characteristic of the state of the atmospheric air, therefore, in the summer of 2021, atmospheric aerosol samples were collected in the expeditions of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences to study the chemical composition (ions, trace elements, polyaromatic hydrocarbons) of aerosols in the Arctic atmosphere. The expeditions were carried out on the research ship (RS) Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in the Kara Sea (83rd cruise, June 18 - July 8, 2021), in the Barents Sea and the Norwegian-Greenland Basin (84th cruise, July 24 - August 26, 2021). It is established that the average total concentration of ions in the aerosol of the Kara Sea is 5.4±1.9 µg/m3, which corresponds to the average data obtained in previous years. In the aerosol of the Barents Sea and the Norwegian-Greenland basin, the average value of 5.0±2.1 μg/m3 was considered as potentially possible for the studied region. Concentrations of such ions as Na+, NH4 + and Cl-dominated in the aerosol composition of all regions. The average total concentration of trace elements in the composition of the aerosol of the Barents Sea and the Norwegian-Greenland basin is 1,5 times higher than in the aerosol of the Kara Sea. The predominant concentrations of trace elements in the aerosol of both study areas were Cr, Zn, Al, Fe. Mo, Sr, Ba, Mn, Sn, Ti, Pb, Cu, Ni. As a result of the calculation of the ranking of trace elements by atmospheric pollution in the aerosol of the Kara Sea, Fe, Cu, Ni, Pb are prioritized, and in the aerosol of the Barents Sea and the Norwegian-Greenland basin - Fe, Cu, Sn, Pb. The level of air pollution with trace elements in both areas is low. 13 compounds of polyaromatic hydrocarbons with an average total concentration of 0.65 ng/m3 in aerosol collected in 83 cruise, and 0.75 ng/m3 in 84 one were identified. Compounds of polyaromatic hydrocarbons with two and three benzene rings (naphthalene, phenanthrene and their homologues) coming from petrogenic sources accounted for 92 and 80% of the total amount of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, respectively. Atmospheric aerosol sampling for the study of chemical composition was carried out under conditions of fog of various densities, with precipitation and destruction of seasonal ice.Выявлены различия и сходство химического состава (ионы, микроэлементы, ПАУ) приводного атмосферного аэрозоля, собранного в летний период 2021 г. по маршрутам экспедиций НИС«Академик Мстислав Келдыш» в районе Карского моря (второй этап 83-го рейса, 18 июня - 8 июля 2021 г.), в Баренцевом море и Норвежско-Гренландском бассейне (84-й рейс, 24 июля - 26 августа 2021 г.)

Химический состав аэрозоля в приземном слое прибрежной зоны Восточной Антарктиды

Chemical composition of aerosol in the ground layer of the coastal zone in East Antarctica is analyzed in the article. The aerosol samples were taken in 2006–2015 during seasonal works of the Russian Antarctic Expeditions (RAE), namely, these were 52nd–53rd, 55th, and 58th–60th expeditions. Samples were taken in the 200‑km band of the sea-shore zone along routes of the research vessels (REV) «Akademik Fedorov» and «Akademik Treshnikov» as well as on territories of the Russian stations Molodezhnaya and Mirny. Although the results obtained did show the wide range of the aerosol concentrations and a certain variability of their chemical composition, some common features of the variability were revealed. Thus, during the period from 2006 to 2014 a decrease of average values of the sums were noted. Spatially, a tendency of decreasing of the ion concentrations was found in the direction from the station Novolazarevskaya to the Molodezhnaya one, but the concentrations increased from the Molodezhnaya to the station Mirny. The sum of ions of the aerosol in the above mentioned coastal zone was, on the average, equal to 2.44 μg/m3, and it was larger than that on the territory of the Antarctic stations Molodezhnaya (0,29 μg/m3) and Mirny (0,50 ág / m3). The main part to the sum of the aerosol ions on the Antarctic stations was contributed by Na+, Ca2+, Cl−, SO4 2−. The main ions in aerosol composition in the coastal zone are ions Na+ and Cl−. The dominant contribution of the sea salt and SO4 2− can be traced in not only the composition of atmospheric aerosols, but also in the chemical composition of the fresh snow in the coastal areas of East Antarctica: at the Indian station Maitri, on the Larsemann Hills, and in a boring located in 55.3 km from the station Progress (K = 1.4÷6.1). It was noted that values of the coefficient of enrichment K of these ions decreases as someone moves from a shore to inland. Estimation of contributions of the continental and maritime factors to formation of the aerosol chemical composition revealed higher enrichment ratios for K+, Ca2+, SO4 2− (K = 3.6÷13.0). This reflects not only influence of the natural sources, but the intensity of human activities on the Antarctic continent as well. The elemental composition of solid aerosols was also analyzed. The largest concentrations were determined for Zn, Al and Fe. The ratio of concentration of the elements in both the soluble and insoluble phases of the aerosol showed that 84.1% of the total amount of the elements was contained in a water-insoluble state. Fractional relation between the element concentrations changed in different phases from 16 to 98%. High enrichment of the aerosol particles by Zn, Cu, Cr, Ba, Pb, Ni,Se, As, Cd (the enrichment factors = 27÷26 445) had been revealed. The content of dominant chemical components (Na+, Cl−, Zn, Fe), factors and coefficients of the element enrichment in the aerosols as well as in fresh snow of the coastal zone of East Antarctica are indicative of the identity of sources where their composition is formed.Рассмотрена временнáя и пространственная изменчивость химического состава атмосферного аэрозоля, отобранного в период сезонных работ 52, 53, 55, 58–60‑й РАЭ по маршруту следования НЭС «Академик Федоров» и «Академик Трешников» от станции Новолазаревская до станции Мирный. Заметное снижение суммы ионов в аэрозоле в 2007–2008 гг. хорошо согласуется с исследованиями в районе Восточной Атлантики и связано с гидрологическими процессами в Атлантическом океане. Установлено высокое обогащение аэрозольных частиц Zn, Cu, Cr, Ba, Pb, Se, As, Ni, Cd. Содержание преобладающих химических компонентов (Na+, Cl−, Zn, Fe), факторы и коэффициенты обогащения элементов (ФО = 27÷26 445) и ионов (K = 3,6÷13,0) в аэрозоле в поверхностном и свежевыпавшем снеге (K = 1,4÷6,1) прибрежной части Восточной Антарктиды свидетельствуют об идентичности источников формирования их состава

Chemical composition of the near-surface atmospheric aerosol in Barentsburg (Svalbard) based on the long-term observations

The chemical composition (ions, elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) of aerosol and gaseous impurities (SO2, HNO3, HCl, NH3) in the surface layer of the atmosphere in Barentsburg, located on the Western Svalbard island (Svalbard archipelago), is analyzed. Atmospheric aerosol and gaseous impurities brought to the Arctic from middle latitudes and deposited on snow and ice not only interact with various natural objects, but also spread to long distances with melting dirty snow and ice. Air sampling was carried out following to methodology adopted by the international networks of the atmospheric monitoring programs in South-East Asia (EANET) and Europe (EMEP). In 2011-2015, the observations of the chemical composition of the atmospheric ground layer were performed daily during the light season (April–September), and monthly from April 2016 to 2018. The largest total ion concentrations were observed in 2011–2012. Seasonal variability of ion concentrations in the aerosol was characterized by high values in the cold period (October–February) and low values in the warm one (May–June). High values of the coefficient of correlation between ions Na+ and Cl− (r = 0,93) as well as between Mg2+ and Cl−  (r = 0,81) throughout the year show that the main source of the aerosol is the sea surface. The significant correlation between ions K+, NO3-, NH4+, SO42−, K+, SO42− in the polar night point to the influence of local sources: coal mining at the mine and its3 combustion at thermal power plants. Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the gaseous impurities (SO2, HNO3) into the atmosphere, especially during the polar night, is also influenced by local sources. Among the elements the maximum enrichment of the aerosol was revealed for As, Cr, Zn, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, W, and Pb with a low content of Cd, Sn, Sb, W, and Pb in the coal, sludge and on the underlying surface. On the basis of the elemental composition of the aerosol and the back-trajectory analysis, it was shown that the air masses enriched in heavy metals come to the area of the Barentsburg settlement from middle latitudes

Chemical composition of aerosol in the atmospheric surface layer of the East Antarctica coastal zone

Chemical composition of aerosol in the ground layer of the coastal zone in East Antarctica is analyzed in the article. The aerosol samples were taken in 2006–2015 during seasonal works of the Russian Antarctic Expeditions (RAE), namely, these were 52nd–53rd, 55th, and 58th–60th expeditions. Samples were taken in the 200‑km band of the sea-shore zone along routes of the research vessels (REV) «Akademik Fedorov» and «Akademik Treshnikov» as well as on territories of the Russian stations Molodezhnaya and Mirny. Although the results obtained did show the wide range of the aerosol concentrations and a certain variability of their chemical composition, some common features of the variability were revealed. Thus, during the period from 2006 to 2014 a decrease of average values of the sums were noted. Spatially, a tendency of decreasing of the ion concentrations was found in the direction from the station Novolazarevskaya to the Molodezhnaya one, but the concentrations increased from the Molodezhnaya to the station Mirny. The sum of ions of the aerosol in the above mentioned coastal zone was, on the average, equal to 2.44 μg/m3, and it was larger than that on the territory of the Antarctic stations Molodezhnaya (0,29 μg/m3) and Mirny (0,50 ág / m3). The main part to the sum of the aerosol ions on the Antarctic stations was contributed by Na+, Ca2+, Cl−, SO4 2−. The main ions in aerosol composition in the coastal zone are ions Na+ and Cl−. The dominant contribution of the sea salt and SO4 2− can be traced in not only the composition of atmospheric aerosols, but also in the chemical composition of the fresh snow in the coastal areas of East Antarctica: at the Indian station Maitri, on the Larsemann Hills, and in a boring located in 55.3 km from the station Progress (K = 1.4÷6.1). It was noted that values of the coefficient of enrichment K of these ions decreases as someone moves from a shore to inland. Estimation of contributions of the continental and maritime factors to formation of the aerosol chemical composition revealed higher enrichment ratios for K+, Ca2+, SO4 2− (K = 3.6÷13.0). This reflects not only influence of the natural sources, but the intensity of human activities on the Antarctic continent as well. The elemental composition of solid aerosols was also analyzed. The largest concentrations were determined for Zn, Al and Fe. The ratio of concentration of the elements in both the soluble and insoluble phases of the aerosol showed that 84.1% of the total amount of the elements was contained in a water-insoluble state. Fractional relation between the element concentrations changed in different phases from 16 to 98%. High enrichment of the aerosol particles by Zn, Cu, Cr, Ba, Pb, Ni,Se, As, Cd (the enrichment factors = 27÷26 445) had been revealed. The content of dominant chemical components (Na+, Cl−, Zn, Fe), factors and coefficients of the element enrichment in the aerosols as well as in fresh snow of the coastal zone of East Antarctica are indicative of the identity of sources where their composition is formed