ВЛИЯНИЕ НЕПОЛИМЕРНЫХ КОМПОНЕНТОВ РЕЗИНОВОЙ СМЕСИ НА ПОВЕРХНОСТНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА ЭЛАСТОМЕРНЫХ КОМПОЗИЦИЙ

The effect of non-polymeric components of a rubber mixture on the surface properties of butadienestyrene rubber obtained by solution polymerization was studied in the article. As non-polymeric components, ingredients widely used in the practice of the rubber industry were introduced into the rubber: fillers, surfactants of various types, and also sulfur - as a vulcanization agent. The surface free energy of the samples, a quantitative characteristic of the surface properties, was determined using the Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaelble method. It has been found that the surface properties of elastomeric compositions depend significantly on the solubility of the ingredients of the rubber composition and their adsorption properties. It has been shown that the most significant influence on the surface energy of butadiene-styrene rubber is exerted by the filler, on the surface of which rubber adsorption does not occur. The effect of surfactants on the surface energy of rubber compounds is different and depends on the nature of the surfactant. A partially soluble component - sulfur - in small quantities does not affect the surface energy of rubber samples. However, if it is present in the system in quantities greater than the solubility limit, it significantly reduces the surface free energy of the samples.В работе изучалось влияние неполимерных компонентов резиновой смеси на поверхностные свойства бутадиен-стирольного каучука, полученного растворной полимеризацией. В качестве неполимерных компонентов в каучук вводились ингредиенты, широко используемые в практике резиновой промышленности: наполнители, поверхностно-активные вещества различной природы, а также вулканизующий агент - сера. Свободная поверхностная энергия образцов, как количественная характеристика их поверхностных свойств, определялась с помощью метода Оуэнса-Вендта-Рабеля-Каелбле. Установлено, что поверхностные свойства эластомерных композиций существенно зависят от растворимости ингредиентов резиновой смеси и их адсорбционных свойств. Показано, что наиболее существенное влияние на поверхностную энергию бутадиен-стирольного каучука оказывает наполнитель, на поверхности которого адсорбция каучука происходит в меньшей степени. Влияние поверхностно-активных веществ на поверхностную энергию резиновых смесей различно и зависит от природы ПАВ. Частично растворимый компонент сера в малых количествах не влияет на поверхностную энергию образцов каучука, но в количествах, превышающих предел ее растворимости, существенно снижает свободную-поверхностную энергию образцов

Некоторые особенности смачивания резин водой

Moisten rubbers of water defined by edge corner moisten right away after surface clearing by solvent, is depended from polymer nature. The least polymer polarity, the least is less moisten. By determine of moisten it is necessary to consider that surface is changed quickly after clearing by volatile solvents as result of emanate of rubber low-molecular components.Cмачиваемость резин водой, определенная по краевым углам смачивания сразу после очистки поверхности растворителем, зависит от природы полимера. Чем меньше его полярность, тем меньше смачиваемость. При определении смачиваемости следует учитывать достаточно быстрое изменение поверхности после процедуры очистки летучими растворителями за счет миграции на неё низкомолекулярных компонентов

ВЛИЯНИЕ СПОСОБА ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ КАУЧУКА ИЗ ЛАТЕКСА НА СВОЙСТВА ЭЛАСТОМЕРНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ НА ОСНОВЕ БУТАДИЕН-НИТРИЛЬНЫХ КАУЧУКОВ

The properties of butadiene-nitrile rubbers obtained by various methods of synthesis and isolation from latex and rubbers based on them were studied in the article. The surface free energy of samples was determined using the Owens, Wendt, Rabel and Kaelble method. It was shown that the surface energy of elastomeric materials is affected 1) by non-rubber components, the content and nature of which are determined by the method of obtaining and isolating rubber from latex and 2) by the number of nitrile groups in the rubber macromolecule. The kinetics of vulcanization of rubber compounds based on the investigated rubbers has been studied. It was shown that rubber compounds based on rubbers containing a residual emulsifier are vulcanized longer. Elastic-strength properties were studied, and it was concluded that rubbers based on butadienenitrile rubbers synthesized by various methods with the same content of bound nitrilacrylic acid have different physico-mechanical properties and cannot be used interchangeably without changing the formulation and technological parameters of their processing.В работе изучались свойства бутадиен-нитрильных каучуков, полученных различными способами синтеза и выделения из латекса, и резин на их основе. С помощью метода Оуэнса-Вендта-Рабеля-Каелбле была определена свободная поверхностная энергия образцов. Было показано, что на поверхностную энергию эластомерных материалов оказывают влияние некаучуковые компоненты, содержание и природа которых определяется способом получения и выделения каучука из латекса, а также число нитрильных групп в макромолекуле каучука. Была изучена кинетика вулканизации резиновых смесей на основе исследуемых каучуков. Показано, что резиновые смеси на основе каучуков, содержащих остаточный эмульгатор, вулканизуются дольше. Изучены упруго-прочностные свойства и сделан вывод о том, что резины на основе бутадиен-нитрильных каучуков, синтезированных различными способами при одинаковом содержании связанной нитрилакриловой кислоты, обладают разными физико-механическими свойствами и не могут быть взаимозаменяемыми без изменения рецептуры и технологических параметров их переработки

Влияние стеариновой кислоты на поверхностные свойства эластомерных композитов на основе бутадиен-стирольных каучуков

It has been shown that stearic acid has specific effect on the formation of surface properties of butadiene-styrene rubber produced by polymerization in solution, and of rubbers based on it. When stearic acid content is up to 1 wt. parts per 100 wt. parts of rubber, surface tension of samples is reduced, and at higher content the surface tension is increased. These features can be useful in predicting the technological behavior of rubber compositions during their processing.Показано специфическое влияние стеариновой кислоты на формирование поверхностных свойств бутадиен-стирольного каучука растворной полимеризации, и резин на его основе. При содержании стеариновой кислоты до 1 мас. ч. на 100 мас. ч. каучука поверхностное натяжение образцов снижается, а при увеличении ее содержания может повышаться. Выявленные особенности могут быть полезны при прогнозировании технологического поведения резиновых смесей в процессе их переработки

Получение полимерных композитов со слоистыми силикатами из латекса натурального каучука

The structure and mechanical properties of polymer films obtained from natural latex and filled by clay suspensions were investigated. It was shown that surface modification of the clay particles by alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride decrease film properties. Mixing of latex with untreated bentonite lead to the inorganic layers reagregation and dehydratation at the drying stage but supports high mechanical properties due to parallel orientation of the clay particles.Изучена структура и физико-механические свойства полимерных пленок на основе натурального каучука «Ревултекс», наполненных слоистыми силикатами на стадии латекса. Показано, что при введении в латекс необработанного слоистого силиката происходит агрегация частиц, дегидратация межслоевого пространства на стадии высушивания пленки и наблюдается увеличение модулей за счет параллельной ориентации частиц слоистых силикатов

Композиты из субмикронных сфер Y2O3 с функциональной основой наноразмерных модификаций диоксида титана: получение и характеризация

Composites anatase/Y2O3, η-TiO2/Y2O3, Degussa P25/Y2O3 and Hombifine/Y2O3 were prepared by simultaneous dispersion of Y2O3 and TiO2 powders in weakly alkaline aqueous media or dispersion of Y2O3 powders in acidic titania-containing hydrosols followed by special treatment. Initial reagents and composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electronic microscopy with X-ray spectral microanalysis.Впервые получены композиты анатаз/Y2O3, η-TiO2/Y2O3, Degussa P25/Y2O3 нанесением наноразмерных модификаций диоксида титана со структурами анатаза и η-модификации и Degussa P25 на субмикронные сферы Y2O3 путём совместного диспергирования порошков Y2O3 и TiO2 в слабощелочной водной среде либо диспергирования порошка Y2O3 вкислотном титансодержащем гидрозоле с последующей обработкой. Исходные вещества и композиты охарактеризованы методами рентгенографии, ИК-спектроскопии, просвечивающей и сканирующей электронной микроскопии с рентгеноспектральным микроанализом, низкотемпературной (-196°C) адсорбции азота

Personality profiles and the "russian soul": Literary and scholarly views evaluated

Many domestic and foreign observers have claimed that Russians have a unique constellation of personality traits that mirrors their distinctive historical and cultural experience. To examine the hypothesized uniqueness of Russian personality, members of the Russian Character and Personality Survey collected data from 39 samples in 33 administrative areas of the Russian Federation. Respondents (N = 7,065) identified an ethnically Russian adult or college-aged man or woman whom they knew well and rated the target using the Russian observer-rating version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. The mean personality profile of Russians was very similar to the international average based on 50 different countries, debunking the myth of a unique Russian soul.The small variations from world norms did not converge with depictions of Russian national character in fiction and the scholarly literature. New items intended to capture distinctive, emic aspects of Russian personality provided no new information beyond the familiar Big Five dimensions. Religion, ethnicity, and beliefs about the uniqueness of the Russian character and the malleability of personality traits had little effect on personality ratings. Perceptions of the Russian soul do not seem to be based on the personality traits of Russians

Some especially moisten rubbers of water

Moisten rubbers of water defined by edge corner moisten right away after surface clearing by solvent, is depended from polymer nature. The least polymer polarity, the least is less moisten. By determine of moisten it is necessary to consider that surface is changed quickly after clearing by volatile solvents as result of emanate of rubber low-molecular components

THE EFFECT OF NON-POLYMERIC COMPONENTS OF A RUBBER MIXTURE ON SURFACE PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMER COMPOSITIONS

The effect of non-polymeric components of a rubber mixture on the surface properties of butadienestyrene rubber obtained by solution polymerization was studied in the article. As non-polymeric components, ingredients widely used in the practice of the rubber industry were introduced into the rubber: fillers, surfactants of various types, and also sulfur - as a vulcanization agent. The surface free energy of the samples, a quantitative characteristic of the surface properties, was determined using the Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaelble method. It has been found that the surface properties of elastomeric compositions depend significantly on the solubility of the ingredients of the rubber composition and their adsorption properties. It has been shown that the most significant influence on the surface energy of butadiene-styrene rubber is exerted by the filler, on the surface of which rubber adsorption does not occur. The effect of surfactants on the surface energy of rubber compounds is different and depends on the nature of the surfactant. A partially soluble component - sulfur - in small quantities does not affect the surface energy of rubber samples. However, if it is present in the system in quantities greater than the solubility limit, it significantly reduces the surface free energy of the samples

Relationships between Pore Structure, Free Carbon Content, Particle Size Distribution and Deposition Stage of Ni/NiO Nanopowers

Ni/NiO nanopowders have been prepared by using thermal decomposition of aqua solutions of nickel acetate ammine complexes in air at the annealing temperature range 300 -500 ºC, time of decomposition from 30 to 180 min. Particle size of powders has been investigated by and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Powders pore structure has been determinated by low temperature nitrogen adsorption method. Content of free carbon in powders is determitated by stage of decomposition and annealing temperature. Decomposition of hydroxy-containing precursor at occurred in 3 stages: 1) the primary formation of Ni; 2) decomposition of precursors with formation of NiO; 3) afterreduction of NiO to Ni by residuals of organic compounds and ammonia. The first two stages is characterized by highly endothermic effect that can lead to decreasing of acetic acid evaporation rate and resulted in high free carbon content of powders. Increasing of deposition time permits to remove of acetic acid from particle surface and decrease free carbon content in powder