8 research outputs found
RELΠTIONSHIP BETWEEN PΠPULATION DENSITIES OF Globodera rostochiensis AND YIELD OF PΠTATO CULTIVARS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS IN BULGARIA
In 2010β2011, in field conditions (Smolyan potato growing region) microplots experiment have been carried out to determine the effect of population densities of Globodera rostochiensis pathotyp 3 (Ro3) on the growth and yield of two new Bulgarian potato (Solanium tuberosum L.) varieties Evridika and Orfei. Microplots were 25 cm-diam, 30 cm-deep, filled with 10 L of soil infested with G. rostochiensis in a geometric series of nematode densities between 0 and 64 eggs/mL of soil. Eight weeks after planting in infested soil, the relative plant height of varieties Evridika and Orfei was reduced at Pi β₯ 1 and 32 eggs/mL soil, respectively. In both potato varieties the minimum possible relative values for plant height were 0,51 and 1,0, respectively, at Pi = 64 eggs/mL soil. The tolerance limits of potato yield of Evri-dika and Orfei were 2 and 16 eggs/mL soil, respectively. The minimum possible relative values for yield of Evridika and Orfei were 0,325 kg/plant and 0,659 kg/plant, respec-tively, at Pi = 64 eggs/mL soil. A mathematical model describing the influence of Pi of G. rostochiensis and yield of both varieties can be used in expert advisory systems when accounting for the environmental factors.In 2010β2011, in field conditions (Smolyan potato growing region) microplots experiment have been carried out to determine the effect of population densities ofΒ Globodera rostochiensisΒ pathotyp 3 (Ro3) on the growth and yield of two new Bulgarian potato (Solanium tuberosum L.) varieties Evridika and Orfei. Microplots were 25 cm-diam, 30 cm-deep, filled with 10 L of soil infested withΒ G. rostochiensisΒ in a geometric series of nematode densities between 0 and 64 eggs/mL of soil. Eight weeks after planting in infested soil, the relative plant height of varieties Evridika and Orfei was reduced at Pi β₯ 1 and 32 eggs/mL soil, respectively. In both potato varieties the minimum possible relative values for plant height were 0,51 and 1,0, respectively, at Pi = 64 eggs/mL soil. The tolerance limits of potato yield of Evri-dika and Orfei were 2 and 16 eggs/mL soil, respectively. The minimum possible relative values for yield of Evridika and Orfei were 0,325 kg/plant and 0,659 kg/plant, respec-tively, at Pi = 64 eggs/mL soil. A mathematical model describing the influence of Pi ofΒ G. rostochiensisΒ and yield of both varieties can be used in expert advisory systems when accounting for the environmental factors
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π·Π° Π³Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Meloidogyne hapla, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ
The activity of alcohol extracts from 6 plant species was investigated with respect to the root-knot nematode-strawberry system. An evaluation was made of the nematostatic and nematicidal activity of the extracts. In production conditions, the most active was the extract Tanacetum vulgare at concentration 0.6%. It had the lowest M. hapla population density, with gall index and root/soil population densities not different than the oxamil treated plants and there were no stastically proved difference between T. vulgare and non-infested control.ΠΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· 6 Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π³Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» 0.6% ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡ Tanacetum vulgare. ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ M. Hapla. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Tanacetum vulgare ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅. ΠΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ T. Vulgare ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΉ
RELΠTIONSHIP BETWEEN PΠPULATION DENSITIES OF Globodera rostochiensis AND YIELD OF PΠTATO CULTIVARS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS IN BULGARIA
In 2010β2011, in field conditions (Smolyan potato growing region) microplots experiment have been carried out to determine the effect of population densities of Globodera rostochiensis pathotyp 3 (Ro3) on the growth and yield of two new Bulgarian potato (Solanium tuberosum L.) varieties Evridika and Orfei. Microplots were 25 cm-diam, 30 cm-deep, filled with 10 L of soil infested with G. rostochiensis in a geometric series of nematode densities between 0 and 64 eggs/mL of soil. Eight weeks after planting in infested soil, the relative plant height of varieties Evridika and Orfei was reduced at Pi β₯ 1 and 32 eggs/mL soil, respectively. In both potato varieties the minimum possible relative values for plant height were 0,51 and 1,0, respectively, at Pi = 64 eggs/mL soil. The tolerance limits of potato yield of Evri-dika and Orfei were 2 and 16 eggs/mL soil, respectively. The minimum possible relative values for yield of Evridika and Orfei were 0,325 kg/plant and 0,659 kg/plant, respec-tively, at Pi = 64 eggs/mL soil. A mathematical model describing the influence of Pi of G. rostochiensis and yield of both varieties can be used in expert advisory systems when accounting for the environmental factors
Management of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla on strawberry plant with some plant extracts
The activity of alcohol extracts from 6 plant species was investigated with respect to the root-knot nematode-strawberry system. An evaluation was made of the nematostatic and nematicidal activity of the extracts. In production conditions, the most active was the extract Tanacetum vulgare at concentration 0.6%. It had the lowest M. hapla population density, with gall index and root/soil population densities not different than the oxamil treated plants and there were no stastically proved difference between T. vulgare and non-infested control
THE EFFECT OF RADIATION ON DEVELOPMENT OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most important plant parasitic nematodes of great economic importance which reduce the quantity and the quality of the yields of many cultivated and wild plants everywhere (in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions). The objectives of the study were to investigate the changes in the Meloidogyne arenaria and its host Tiny Tim tomato plant under radiation influence The influence of various doses of Ξ³-irradiation (90, 700 and 1800 mGy) on cv. Tiny Tim tomato plants and developing eggs sacs of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria were investigated. Ionizing radiations of tomato seeds by low dose (90 mGy) stimulate development of plants. High doses of Ξ³-irradiation (700 and 1800 mGy) suppress development (height, root and shoot weight) of tomato plants. High irradiation doses (700 and 1800 mGy) retarded the growth of nematodes. Metric characteristics of M. arenaria females, mainly body size, were smaller. The highest experimental dose (1800 mGy) prevented the development of females of M. arenaria (J4) to mature forms. A change of female to male ratio under the influence of Ξ³- ionizing radiation has been observed, resulting in a decrease in males. These results show aspects for future research into the application of Ξ³-irradiation in management of root-knot nematode
ΠΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠ Π ΠΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠ ΠΠ Π ΠΠ‘Π’ Π Π ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ«Π₯ ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most important plant parasitic nematodes of great economic importance which reduce the quantity and the quality of the yields of many cultivated and wild plants everywhere (in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions). The objectives of the study were to investigate the changes in the Meloidogyne arenaria and its host Tiny Tim tomato plant under radiation influence The influence of various doses of Ξ³-irradiation (90, 700 and 1800 mGy) on cv. Tiny Tim tomato plants and developing eggs sacs of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria were investigated. Ionizing radiations of tomato seeds by low dose (90 mGy) stimulate development of plants. High doses of Ξ³-irradiation (700 and 1800 mGy) suppress development (height, root and shoot weight) of tomato plants. High irradiation doses (700 and 1800 mGy) retarded the growth of nematodes. Metric characteristics of M. arenaria females, mainly body size, were smaller. The highest experimental dose (1800 mGy) prevented the development of females of M. arenaria (J4) to mature forms. A change of female to male ratio under the influence of Ξ³- ionizing radiation has been observed, resulting in a decrease in males. These results show aspects for future research into the application of Ξ³-irradiation in management of root-knot nematodesΠΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ (Meloidogyne spp.) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ±, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ°Π΅Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
(ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ). Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² Π³Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Meloidogyne arenaria ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ β ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Tiny Tim (Β«ΠΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π’ΠΈΠΌΒ») ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ· Π³Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°-ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ β 90, 700 ΠΈ 1800 ΠΌΠΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Tiny Tim ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡ Π³Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ M. arenaria. ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ
(90 ΠΌΠΡ) ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ Π³Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°-ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (700 ΠΈ 1800 ΠΌΠΡ) ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ
(700 ΠΈ 1800 ΠΌΠΡ) ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ M. Π°renaria. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (1800 ΠΌΠΡ) ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΊ M. arenaria (J4) ΠΊΠΎ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π³Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°-ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π³Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°-ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ