Catalog of Radio Galaxies with z>0.3. I:Construction of the Sample

The procedure of the construction of a sample of distant ($z>0.3$) radio galaxies using NED, SDSS, and CATS databases for further application in statistical tests is described. The sample is assumed to be cleaned from objects with quasar properties. Primary statistical analysis of the list is performed and the regression dependence of the spectral index on redshift is found.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, 2 table

Far Infrared Source Counts at 70 and 160 microns in Spitzer Deep Surveys

We derive galaxy source counts at 70 and 160 microns using the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS) to map the Chandra Deep Field South (CDFS) and other fields. At 70 microns, our observations extend upwards about 2 orders of magnitude in flux density from a threshold of 15 mJy, and at 160 microns they extend about an order of magnitude upward from 50 mJy. The counts are consistent with previous observations on the bright end. Significant evolution is detected at the faint end of the counts in both bands, by factors of 2-3 over no-evolution models. This evolution agrees well with models that indicate most ofthe faint galaxies lie at redshifts between 0.7 and 0.9. The new Spitzer data already resolve about 23% of the Cosmic Far Infrared Background at 70 microns and about 7% at 160 microns.Comment: Small modifications to match printed version. Models in Differential Counts plots were changed. MIPS Source Counts are available at: http://lully.as.arizona.edu/GTODeep/Counts/ . Accepted for Publication in ApJS Special Issue on Spitze

Extragalactic Results from the Infrared Space Observatory

More than a decade ago the IRAS satellite opened the realm of external galaxies for studies in the 10 to 100 micron band and discovered emission from tens of thousands of normal and active galaxies. With the 1995-1998 mission of the Infrared Space Observatory the next major steps in extragalactic infrared astronomy became possible: detailed imaging, spectroscopy and spectro-photometry of many galaxies detected by IRAS, as well as deep surveys in the mid- and far- IR. The spectroscopic data reveal a wealth of detail about the nature of the energy source(s) and about the physical conditions in galaxies. ISO's surveys for the first time explore the infrared emission of distant, high-redshift galaxies. ISO's main theme in extragalactic astronomy is the role of star formation in the activity and evolution of galaxies.Comment: 106 pages, including 17 figures. Ann.Rev.Astron.Astrophys. (in press), a gzip'd pdf file (667kB) is also available at http://www.mpe.mpg.de/www_ir/preprint/annrev2000.pdf.g

Heterozygous Mutations of FREM1 Are Associated with an Increased Risk of Isolated Metopic Craniosynostosis in Humans and Mice

The premature fusion of the paired frontal bones results in metopic craniosynostosis (MC) and gives rise to the clinical phenotype of trigonocephaly. Deletions of chromosome 9p22.3 are well described as a cause of MC with variably penetrant midface hypoplasia. In order to identify the gene responsible for the trigonocephaly component of the 9p22.3 syndrome, a cohort of 109 patients were assessed by high-resolution arrays and MLPA for copy number variations (CNVs) involving 9p22. Five CNVs involving FREM1, all of which were de novo variants, were identified by array-based analyses. The remaining 104 patients with MC were then subjected to targeted FREM1 gene re-sequencing, which identified 3 further mutant alleles, one of which was de novo. Consistent with a pathogenic role, mouse Frem1 mRNA and protein expression was demonstrated in the metopic suture as well as in the pericranium and dura mater. Micro-computed tomography based analyses of the mouse posterior frontal (PF) suture, the human metopic suture equivalent, revealed advanced fusion in all mice homozygous for either of two different Frem1 mutant alleles, while heterozygotes exhibited variably penetrant PF suture anomalies. Gene dosage-related penetrance of midfacial hypoplasia was also evident in the Frem1 mutants. These data suggest that CNVs and mutations involving FREM1 can be identified in a significant percentage of people with MC with or without midface hypoplasia. Furthermore, we present Frem1 mutant mice as the first bona fide mouse model of human metopic craniosynostosis and a new model for midfacial hypoplasia

Production of dust by massive stars at high redshift

The large amounts of dust detected in sub-millimeter galaxies and quasars at high redshift pose a challenge to galaxy formation models and theories of cosmic dust formation. At z > 6 only stars of relatively high mass (> 3 Msun) are sufficiently short-lived to be potential stellar sources of dust. This review is devoted to identifying and quantifying the most important stellar channels of rapid dust formation. We ascertain the dust production efficiency of stars in the mass range 3-40 Msun using both observed and theoretical dust yields of evolved massive stars and supernovae (SNe) and provide analytical expressions for the dust production efficiencies in various scenarios. We also address the strong sensitivity of the total dust productivity to the initial mass function. From simple considerations, we find that, in the early Universe, high-mass (> 3 Msun) asymptotic giant branch stars can only be dominant dust producers if SNe generate <~ 3 x 10^-3 Msun of dust whereas SNe prevail if they are more efficient. We address the challenges in inferring dust masses and star-formation rates from observations of high-redshift galaxies. We conclude that significant SN dust production at high redshift is likely required to reproduce current dust mass estimates, possibly coupled with rapid dust grain growth in the interstellar medium.Comment: 72 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables; to be published in The Astronomy and Astrophysics Revie

Influence of the thickness of silicone registration material as a means for occlusal contact examination - an explorative study with different tooth clenching intensities

This study explored the influence of the thickness of silicone registration material on evaluation of the occlusal contact area and number of occlusal contact points, during increasing tooth clenching conditions in normal subjects. Twenty-four subjects with no more than one missing tooth per quadrant participated. Surface electro-myography was recorded from the masseter muscle. As a baseline measurement, intercuspal position was maintained with minimal force, and occlusal contact was recorded using blue silicone material. Occlusal contact was also recorded at 20% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and 40% MVC using visual feedback. The occlusal contact area and number of occlusal contact points were analysed using five levels of thickness of silicone registration material: Level 1 (0-149 μm); Level 2 (0-89 μm); Level 3 (0-49 μm); Level 4 (0-29 μm); and Level 5 (0-4 μm). The anterior part and the left and right posterior regions of the dental arch were analysed separately. At all detection levels, the occlusal contact area significantly increased from baseline to 20% MVC and to 40% MVC in the molar area (P < 0·05). In the anterior part, the occlusal contact area significantly increased from baseline to 20% MVC and to 40% MVC only when using Level 5. The number of occlusal contact points significantly increased from baseline to 20% MVC and to 40% MVC only when using Level 5 in the molar area (P < 0·05). It suggested that occlusal contacts may be different at low tooth clenching intensity with potential effects on the teeth or periodontal tissues.status: publishe