71 research outputs found
Lederen og det politiske handlingsrommet
Endringer i samfunnet generelt og i barnehagesektoren spesielt, kan gi et Þkt behov for at barnehageledere jobber utadrettet for Ä sikre at politiske avgjÞrelser ivaretar barnets beste. Med bakgrunn i dette er vÄr problemstilling: «Hvordan beskriver ledere i barnehagesektoren handlingsrommet de har til Ä pÄvirke politiske avgjÞrelser?» Gjennom en kvalitativ tilnÊrming med semistrukturerte intervjuer, beskriver Ätte barnehageledere mulighetene de har til Ä pÄvirke politiske avgjÞrelser. Informantene er ledere fra barnehager i kommunen der vi selv er barnehageledere. De har mer enn fem Ärs erfaring og leder barnehager med ulik eierform. Studiet vÄrt gir et Þyeblikksbilde, men vil ha klare overfÞringsverdier til andre deler av sektoren.
Det teoretiske rammeverket for drÞftingen er tredelt. For det fÞrste drar vi veksler pÄ teorier om ledelse. Vi bygger pÄ Adizes (1995) sin teori om det utadrettede lederrollen og GlasÞ og Thompson (2013) sine perspektiver om transformasjonsledelse. For det andre omhandler det kultur, makt og tillit. Vi benytter Bang (2011) sin definisjon av kultur, og Jacobsen og Thorsvik (2019) sin teori om forholdet mellom makt og tillit. For det tredje, tar vi for oss styringsperspektiver som har vÊrt gjeldende de siste tiÄrene. Vi anvender teori fra RÞiseland og Vabo (2016) for Ä diskutere strukturer og samstyring.
Studien vÄr viser hvordan barnehagelederne beskriver handlingsrommet de har til Ä pÄvirke politiske avgjÞrelser; hvilke strategier de bruker i dag og hva de Þnsker Ä gjÞre mer av eller forandre, med mÄl om Ä Þke handlingsrommet. Studien vÄr viser at lederne er bevisst om hvordan de anvender utadrettet ledelse, men at ledelsen utÞves ulikt ut fra handlingsrommet de opplever. I vÄrt utvalg ser vi bÄde tydelige forskjeller, men ogsÄ likheter, mellom lederne i kommunal og privat sektor, der lederne i privat sektor ofte tar direkte kontakt med politikerne, mens lederne i kommunal sektor tar indirekte kontakt. For eksempel jobber de kommunale lederne i studien vÄr gjennom administrasjon, samarbeidsutvalg og ordinÊr tjenestevei. Funn gjort i undersÞkelsen viser at kultur bÄde fremmer og hemmer informantenes handlingsrom til Ä pÄvirke politiske avgjÞrelser. Funn tilsier ogsÄ at vÄre informanter har et Þnske om Ä fÄ til et bedre samarbeid pÄ tvers av privat og kommunal sektor, med mÄl om et stÞrre handlingsrom. Handlingsrommet vil barnehagelederne bruke for Ä ivareta en felles interesse om at barnets beste stÄr i sentrum nÄr det tas politiske avgjÞrelser.nhhma
Dengue Virus Infection of the Aedes aegypti Salivary Gland and Chemosensory Apparatus Induces Genes that Modulate Infection and Blood-Feeding Behavior
The female Aedes aegypti salivary gland plays a pivotal role in bloodmeal acquisition and reproduction, and thereby dengue virus (DENV) transmission. It produces numerous immune factors, as well as immune-modulatory, vasodilatory, and anti-coagulant molecules that facilitate blood-feeding. To assess the impact of DENV infection on salivary gland physiology and function, we performed a comparative genome-wide microarray analysis of the naĂŻve and DENV infection-responsive A. aegypti salivary gland transcriptomes. DENV infection resulted in the regulation of 147 transcripts that represented a variety of functional classes, including several that are essential for virus transmission, such as immunity, blood-feeding, and host-seeking. RNAi-mediated gene silencing of three DENV infection-responsive genes - a cathepsin B, a putative cystatin, and a hypothetical ankyrin repeat-containing protein - significantly modulated DENV replication in the salivary gland. Furthermore, silencing of two DENV infection-responsive odorant-binding protein genes (OBPs) resulted in an overall compromise in blood acquisition from a single host by increasing the time for initiation of probing and the probing time before a successful bloodmeal. We also show that DENV established an extensive infection in the mosquito's main olfactory organs, the antennae, which resulted in changes of the transcript abundance of key host-seeking genes. DENV infection, however, did not significantly impact probing initiation or probing times in our laboratory infection system. Here we show for the first time that the mosquito salivary gland mounts responses to suppress DENV which, in turn, modulates the expression of chemosensory-related genes that regulate feeding behavior. These reciprocal interactions may have the potential to affect DENV transmission between humans
Estrogen- and Progesterone (P4)-Mediated Epigenetic Modifications of Endometrial Stromal Cells (EnSCs) and/or Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) in the Etiopathogenesis of Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a common chronic inflammatory condition in which endometrial tissue appears outside the uterine cavity. Because ectopic endometriosis cells express both estrogen and progesterone (P4) receptors, they grow and undergo cyclic proliferation and breakdown similar to the endometrium. This debilitating gynecological disease affects up to 15% of reproductive aged women. Despite many years of research, the etiopathogenesis of endometrial lesions remains unclear. Retrograde transport of the viable menstrual endometrial cells with retained ability for attachment within the pelvic cavity, proliferation, differentiation and subsequent invasion into the surrounding tissue constitutes the rationale for widely accepted implantation theory. Accordingly, the most abundant cells in the endometrium are endometrial stromal cells (EnSCs). These cells constitute a particular population with clonogenic activity that resembles properties of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). Thus, a significant role of stem cell-based dysfunction in formation of the initial endometrial lesions is suspected. There is increasing evidence that the role of epigenetic mechanisms and processes in endometriosis have been underestimated. The importance of excess estrogen exposure and P4 resistance in epigenetic homeostasis failure in the endometrial/endometriotic tissue are crucial. Epigenetic alterations regarding transcription factors of estrogen and P4 signaling pathways in MSCs are robust in endometriotic tissue. Thus, perspectives for the future may include MSCs and EnSCs as the targets of epigenetic therapies in the prevention and treatment of endometriosis. Here, we reviewed the current known changes in the epigenetic background of EnSCs and MSCs due to estrogen/P4 imbalances in the context of etiopathogenesis of endometriosis
Can we rely on simulated patientsâ satisfaction with their consultation for assessing medical studentsâ communication skills? A cross-sectional study
Background
In medical education, teaching methods offering intensive practice without high utilization of faculty resources are needed. We investigated whether simulated patientsâ (SPsâ) satisfaction with a consultation could predict professional observersâ assessment of young doctorsâ communication skills.
Methods
This was a comparative cross-sectional study of 62 videotaped consultations in a general practice setting with young doctors who were finishing their internship. The SPs played a female patient who had observed blood when using the toilet, which had prompted a fear of cancer. Immediately afterwards, the SP rated her level of satisfaction with the consultation, and the scores were dichotomized into satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Professional observers viewed the videotapes and assessed the doctorsâ communication skills using the Arizona Communication Interview Rating Scale (ACIR). Their ratings of communication skills were dichotomized into acceptable versus unacceptable levels of competence.
Results
The SPsâ satisfaction showed a predictive power of 0.74 for the observersâ assessment of the young doctors and whether they reached an acceptable level of communication skills. The SPsâ dissatisfaction had a predictive power of 0.71 for the observersâ assessment of an unacceptable communication level. The two assessment methods differed in 26Â % of the consultations. When SPs felt relief about their cancer concern after the consultation, they assessed the doctorsâ skills as satisfactory independent of the observersâ assessment.
Conclusions
Accordance between the dichotomized SPsâ satisfaction score and communication skills assessed by observers (using the ACIR) was in the acceptable range.
These findings suggest that SPsâ satisfaction scores may provide a reliable source for assessing communication skills in educational programs for medical trainees (students and young doctors).
Awareness of the patientâs concerns seems to be of vital importance to patient satisfaction
Ăkt produktivitet i veksthusagurk ved redusert angrep av Pythium-rĂ„te
Pythium aphanidermatum er et rotpatogen som gir aggressiv rotrÄte i veksthusagurk (Cucumis sativus). Rapporten beskriver resultater fra forsÞk gjennomfÞrt ved Bioforsk Plantehelse/Vest SÊrheim med utprÞving av kjemiske og biologiske alternativer for bekjempelse av P. aphanidermatum. Seks preparater er utprÞvd : Prestop (Gliocladium catenulatum), Mycostop (Streptomyces griseovirides), Previcur N (prepamocarb), Aliette 80 WG (fosetyl- Al) og Resistim (fosfitt). Resultatene viser at behandling med Resistim og en kombinasjon av Previcur N og Resistim fÞrer til redusert angrep av P. aphanidermatum hos agurksmÄplanter. Bruk av Aliette 80 WG (1/2 dose) og Resistim ser ut til Ä hemme angrepet ogsÄ etter utplanting. Ved behandling med Resistim og kombinasjonen av Previcur N og Resistim klarte plantene Ä vokse seg gjennom begynnende angrep og synlige rothalsskader forsvant. Mycostop, Prestop og Aliette hadde i disse forsÞkene ikke tilsvarende god effekt. Forprosjektet viser at det er vanskelig Ä eliminere angrep av P. aphanidermatum utelukkende ved bruk gjÞdsel, kjemiske eller biologiske fungicider. Tilfredstillende desinfeksjon, rengjÞring, dyrkingspraksis og temperaturvalg er viktige faktorer som det mÄ arbeides systematisk videre med for Ä kunne redusere angrepene av P. aphanidermatum i Norsk agurkproduksjon.publishedVersio
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