The reporting characteristics of bovine respiratory disease clinical intervention trials published prior to and following publication of the REFLECT statement

The goal of the REFLECT Statement (Reporting guidElines For randomized controLled trials in livEstoCk and food safeTy) (published in 2010) was to provide the veterinary research community with reporting guidelines tailored for randomized controlled trials for livestock and food safety. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of REFLECT Statement reporting of items 1 to 19 in controlled trials published in journals between 1970 and 2017 examining the comparative efficacy of FDA-registered antimicrobials against naturally acquired BRD (bovine respiratory disease) in weaned beef calves in Canada or the USA, and to compare the prevalence of reporting before and after 2010, when REFLECT was published. We divided REFLECT Statement, items 3, 5, 10, and 11 into subitems, because each dealt with multiple elements requiring separate assessment. As a result, 28 different items or subitems were evaluated independently. We searched MEDLINE® and CABI (CAB Abstracts® and Global Health®) (Web of ScienceTM) in April 2017 and screened 2327 references. Two reviewers independently assessed the reporting of each item and subitem. Ninety-five references were eligible for the study. The reporting of the REFLECT items showed a point estimate for the prevalence ratio \u3e 1 (i.e. a higher proportion of studies published post-2010 reported this item compared to studies published pre-2010), apart from items 10.3, i.e., item 10, subitem 3 (who assigned study units to the interventions), 13 (the flow of study units through the study), 16 (number of study units in analysis), 18 (multiplicity), and 19 (adverse effects). Fifty-three (79%) of 67 studies published before 2010 and all 28 (100%) papers published after 2010 reported using a random allocation method in either the title, abstract, or methods (Prevalence ratio = 1.25; 95% CI (1.09,1.43)). However, 8 studies published prior to 2010 and 7 studies published post-2010 reported the term systematic randomization or variations of this term (which is not true randomization) to describe the allocation procedure. Fifty-five percent (37/67) of studies published pre-2010 reported blinding status (blinded/not blinded) of outcome assessors, compared to 24/28 (86%) of studies published post-2010 (Prevalence ratio =1.5, 95% CI (1.19, 2.02)). The reporting of recommended items in journal articles in this body of work is generally improving; however, there is also evidence of confusion about what constitutes a random allocation procedure, and this suggests an educational need. As this study is observational, this precludes concluding that the publication of the REFLECT Statement was the cause of this trend

Der inferenzbasierte Ansatz bei Zwangsstörungen

Obwohl die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie, häufig in der Form der Exposition und Reaktionsverhinderung, das in der Behandlung der Zwangsstörung am weitesten verbreitete Behandlungsverfahren darstellt, profitieren Betroffene mit bestimmten Subtypen der Zwangserkrankung (z.B. überwertigen Ideen oder ich-syntonen Zwangsgedanken) davon nur unzureichend oder gar nicht. Aufgrund der begrenzten Erfolge von auf verhaltenstherapeutischen oder kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Modellen basierenden Verfahren hat sich die Forschung vermehrt ausschließlich kognitiven Theorien und Behandlungsmodellen zugewandt. Der inferenzbasierte Ansatz zur Behandlung der Zwangsstörung geht davon aus, dass zwangstypische Kognitionen und Bewertungen von vorausgehenden Zweifeln und Inferenzen herrühren. Dieser Ansatz konzentriert sich auf die fehlerhaften Denkprozesse, die dem zwanghaften Zweifeln zugrunde liegen, welches Zwangsverhalten auslöst. Die vorliegende Arbeit fasst den gegenwärtigen Stand des inferenzbasierten Modells und die es stützenden empirischen Befunde zusammen

Scaling Dual Enrollment in Rural Communities: A Case Study of Three Rural Texas High Schools

Dual enrollment is a powerful mechanism to support college readiness and success for high school students across the country. Rural schools provide unique advantages but face distinct challenges in creating effective dual enrollment opportunities for students. This case study examines how three rural schools in Texas addressed three challenges rural schools face: overcoming distance to higher education partners, supporting students in navigating the college environment, and building staff capacity to support dual enrollment

Support workers as agents for health behaviour change: An Australian study of the perceptions of clients with complex needs, support workers and care coordinators

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.An expanding aging population has placed increased demands on health care resources in many countries. Enhancing community aged care support workers’ role to support greater client self-management and reablement is therefore timely. This article presents perceptions of the impact of an Australian practice change initiative designed to enhance knowledge, skills, and confidence of support workers to support behavior change in clients with complex health care needs. A comprehensive training program was delivered in 2013. Methods included thematic analysis of interviews with clients, focus groups with support workers and coordinators, and collection of case studies of client/support worker behavior change interactions. Client, support worker, and coordinator responses were highly positive, reporting improvement in the quality of interactions with clients, client health outcomes, care coordination, communication, and teamwork. Mental health literacy remained the biggest knowledge gap. This research showed that support workers are ideally placed to be more actively involved in motivating clients to achieve behavior change goals

The association between previous running related injuries and isometric muscle strength among recreational and novice runners.

Running has many health benefits, but injuries associated with running can result in considerable health and economic burdens. This is particularly important given the reported injury incidence of between 18.2 to 92.4% Previous injury is the primary risk factor related to running injuries. As injured athletes often display deficits in neuromuscular strength, and these weaknesses may be evident at the time of return to sport it is thought that persistent residual weakness following injury may predispose an athlete to subsequent injury. To date, studies have mainly compared the neuromuscular strength of currently injured and uninjured runners. More information is needed to explore potential differences in strength among healthy runners with a history of injury, which may allow clinicians to address weaknesses and ultimately better direct treatment

Evidence of improved reporting of swine vaccination trials in the post-REFLECT statement publication period

Objectives: Describe and compare the proportion of studies reporting the method used to assign study units to treatment groups, reporting a random allocation approach, reporting 18 REFLECT items, and the proportion of studies having a low risk-of-bias assessment in swine vaccination trial studies published after the REFLECT statement, compared to studies published before. Materials and Methods: The study population was 61 studies that evaluated vaccines targeted at pathogens affecting swine health or pork safety. Two reviewers assessed the reporting of 18 of 22 REFLECT items and 5 risk-of-bias domains. Results: Authors reported the method used to allocate experimental units in 33 of 42 (79%) and 14 of 19 (74%) studies published prior to and following REFLECT, respectively. There has been a substantial shift in the reporting of allocation approaches. Before 2011, only 2 of 25 (8%) studies that reported using random allocation provided supporting evidence. This increased in studies published between 2011-2017 (4 of 6; 66%). Before 2011, 8 of 33 (24%) studies reported using systematic allocation, which increased to 43% (6 of 14 studies) between 2011-2017. There has also been an increase in the prevalence of reporting for 14 of the 18 REFLECT items. There was an increase in the number of studies reporting evidence to support true randomization to group and data that suggests few baseline imbalances. Implications: Data from this study suggests swine vaccination trial reporting improved, which may be due to researchers having more access to better quality information

The association between previous running related injuries and isometric muscle strength among recreational and novice runners.

Running can cause considerable health and economic burdens, with a reported injury incidence of between 18.2 to 92.4%. Strength is a factor that has widely been linked to injury, however its associations with injury among this population require further investigation. To date, studies have mainly compared the muscular strength of currently injured and uninjured runners. This study endeavours to investigate differences in isometric muscle strength among healthy runners with and without previous RRIs in the past 2 years

Running related Injuries of Irish runners

The popularity of recreational running continues to grow nationally. Previous international research has demonstrated a very high risk of running related injuries (RRIs) in recreational runners. These injuries pose a barrier to continued training, as well as to the physical and mental health benefits associated with running. Currently, there is a paucity of epidemiological information on Irish recreational runners. Therefore, the aim of this study is to gain an understanding of the prevalence, location, type and severity of RRI’s in recreational runners in Ireland