2,621 research outputs found
Remarkable Spectral Variability of PDS 456
We report on the highest to date signal-to-noise-ratio X-ray spectrum of the
luminous quasar PDS 456, as obtained during two XMM-Newton orbits in September
2007. The present spectrum is considerably different from several previous
X-ray spectra recorded for PDS 456 since 1998. The ultra-high-velocity outflow
seen as recently as February 2007 is not detected in absorption. Conversely, a
significant reflection component is detected. The reflection model suggests the
reflecting medium may be outflowing at a velocity v/c = -0.06 +/- 0.02. The
present spectrum is analyzed in the context of the previous ones in an attempt
to understand all spectra within the framework of a single model. We examine
whether an outflow with variable partial covering of the X-ray source along the
line of sight that also reflects the source from other lines of sight can
explain the dramatic variations in the broad-band spectral curvature of PDS
456. It is established that absorption plays a major role in shaping the
spectrum of other epochs, while the 2007 XMM-Newton spectrum is dominated by
reflection, and the coverage of the source by the putative outflow is small (<
20%).Comment: submitted to Ap
Quantum process tomography of a controlled-NOT gate
We demonstrate complete characterization of a two-qubit entangling process -
a linear optics controlled-NOT gate operating with coincident detection - by
quantum process tomography. We use maximum-likelihood estimation to convert the
experimental data into a physical process matrix. The process matrix allows
accurate prediction of the operation of the gate for arbitrary input states,
and calculation of gate performance measures such as the average gate fidelity,
average purity and entangling capability of our gate, which are 0.90, 0.83 and
0.73, respectively.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures. v2 contains new data corresponding to improved
gate operation. Figure quality slightly reduced for arXi
The Connection between Ultraviolet and X-ray Outflows in AGN: the case of PDS 456
High-velocity outflows from AGN are a well-known phenomena in terms of the
Broad Absorption Lines seen in the UV/optical. More recently, similar, possibly
related, outflows have been reported in the X-ray. The most extreme example is
seen in the nearby, luminous QSO PDS 456, which displays a massive, high
velocity (50000 km s-1), high-ionization X-ray outflow of 10 solar masses yr-1.
Here we present the UV spectrum of PDS 456 as observed by the Hubble Space
Telescope. We find the UV spectrum is also extreme, displaying very broad
emission-lines, with CIV 1549 blueshifted by 5000 km s-1 and a broad Ly-alpha
absorption trough blueshifted by 14000-24000 km s-1. No strong, broad
high-ionization absorption features are seen. We interpret the combined UV and
X-ray spectrum of PDS 456 as the signature of a decelerating, cooling outflow,
which may be driven by radiation and/or magnetic field. This outflow may be the
source of some of the broad emission and absorption-line gas.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 6 pages. 6 figure
Measuring Controlled-NOT and two-qubit gate operation
Accurate characterisation of two-qubit gates will be critical for any
realisation of quantum computation. We discuss a range of measurements aimed at
characterising a two-qubit gate, specifically the CNOT gate. These measurements
are architecture-independent, and range from simple truth table measurements,
to single figure measures such as the fringe visibility, parity, fidelity, and
entanglement witnesses, through to whole-state and whole-gate measures achieved
respectively via quantum state and process tomography. In doing so, we examine
critical differences between classical and quantum gate operation.Comment: 10 pages (two-column). 1 figur
Performance analysis and algorithm enhancement of feature-aided-tracker (FAT) simulation software using 1-D high-range-resolution (HRR) radar signature profiles
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (p. 94).The current Lincoln Laboratory (LL) MATLAB Feature-Aided-Tracker (FAT) software was adjusted and appended to provide a robust ground-target radar tracking simulation tool. It utilizes algorithms from the LL UAV Radar Moving Target Tracker (1991) and the LL FAT Tracking Software (2002). One-dimensional High-Range-Resolution (HRR) radar signature target profiles were used to assist in track-to-report data association through classification-aided and signature-aided tracking (CAT and SAT) algorithms. Profiles were obtained from the DARPA-sponsored Moving Target Feature Phenomenology (MTFP) program. Performance Analysis of this simulation tool reinforced the hypothesis that target aspect angle error estimation (state estimation) drives the performance of CAT, SAT, and Kinematic Tracking (KT) algorithms. A decaying exponential relationship exists between the Kalman filter estimate of target-speed and expected aspect angle error. This relationship was exploited to optimize the allocation of computational resources while enlarging the database aspect angle search in CAT to improve performance. Vehicle classification accuracy is improved by 70% and data association accuracy is improved by 12% in kinematically ambiguous situations such as when target intersections occur. SAT was improved 3% using this knowledge. Additionally, the target report HRR profile from each scan was used to generate an "On-The- Fly" SAT HRR profile database. This algorithm tests the similarity between the current target report HRR profile and the database HRR profiles. If there is sufficient resemblance, the report HRR is added to the database; if not, the database is reset.(cont.) This information can be employed to provide up to a 9% performance improvement over the previous version of SAT in a best-case scenario. In realistic situations, a 6% performance improvement is still attainable. If a large, accurate database exists, near-perfect data association is achieved. Overall, the above technique adjustments provide an improvement of 6.3% (13.6% in realistic, GPS-generated scenarios) in data association accuracy over the initial FAT algorithm and a corresponding 28.8% improvement over the results of the KT itself.by Michael J. O'Brien.S.M
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TEST RESULTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE STEAM/CO2 CO-ELECTROLYSIS IN A 10-CELL STACK
High temperature coelectrolysis experiments with CO2 / H2O mixtures were performed in a 10-cell planar solid oxide stack. Results indicated that stack apparent ASR values were shown not to vary significantly between pure steam electrolysis and steam / CO2 coelectrolysis values. Product gas compositions measured via an online micro gas chromatograph (GC) showed excellent agreement to predictions obtained from a chemical equilibrium coelectrolysis model developed for this study. Experimentally determined open cell potentials and thermal neutral voltages for coelectrolysis compared favorably to predictions obtained from a chemical equilibrium coelectrolysis and energy balance model, also developed for this study
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Hydrogen Production Performance of a 10-Cell Planar Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Stack
An experimental study is under way to assess the performance of solid-oxide cells operating in the steam electrolysis mode for hydrogen production over a temperature range of 800 to 900ÂșC. Results presented in this paper were obtained from a ten-cell planar electrolysis stack, with an active area of 64 cm2 per cell. The electrolysis cells are electrolytesupported, with scandia-stabilized zirconia electrolytes (~140 ”m thick), nickel-cermet steam/hydrogen electrodes, and manganite air-side electrodes. The metallic interconnect plates are fabricated from ferritic stainless steel. The experiments were performed over a range of steam inlet mole fractions (0.1 - 0.6), gas flow rates (1000 - 4000 sccm), and current densities (0 to 0.38 A/cm2). Steam consumption rates associated with electrolysis were measured directly using inlet and outlet dewpoint instrumentation. Cell operating potentials and cell current were varied using a programmable power supply. Hydrogen production rates up to 100 Normal liters per hour were demonstrated. Values of area-specific resistance and stack internal temperatures are presented as a function of current density. Stack performance is shown to be dependent on inlet steam flow rate
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