Intérêt d’un score de la qualité de l'évaluation pour l'apprentissage pour évaluer la rétroaction écrite dans la formation postdoctorale en anesthésiologie : étude de généralisabilité et de décision

Background: Competency based residency programs depend on high quality feedback from the assessment of entrustable professional activities (EPA). The Quality of Assessment for Learning (QuAL) score is a tool developed to rate the quality of narrative comments in workplace-based assessments; it has validity evidence for scoring the quality of narrative feedback provided to emergency medicine residents, but it is unknown whether the QuAL score is reliable in the assessment of narrative feedback in other postgraduate programs. Methods: Fifty sets of EPA narratives from a single academic year at our competency based medical education post-graduate anesthesia program were selected by stratified sampling within defined parameters [e.g. resident gender and stage of training, assessor gender, Competency By Design training level, and word count (≥17 or <17 words)]. Two competency committee members and two medical students rated the quality of narrative feedback using a utility score and QuAL score. We used Kendall’s tau-b co-efficient to compare the perceived utility of the written feedback to the quality assessed with the QuAL score. The authors used generalizability and decision studies to estimate the reliability and generalizability coefficients. Results: Both the faculty’s utility scores and QuAL scores (r = 0.646, p < 0.001) and the trainees’ utility scores and QuAL scores (r = 0.667, p < 0.001) were moderately correlated. Results from the generalizability studies showed that utility scores were reliable with two raters for both faculty (Epsilon=0.87, Phi=0.86) and trainees (Epsilon=0.88, Phi=0.88). Conclusions: The QuAL score is correlated with faculty- and trainee-rated utility of anesthesia EPA feedback. Both faculty and trainees can reliability apply the QuAL score to anesthesia EPA narrative feedback. This tool has the potential to be used for faculty development and program evaluation in Competency Based Medical Education. Other programs could consider replicating our study in their specialty.Contexte : La qualité de la rétroaction à la suite de l’évaluation d’activités professionnelles confiables (APC) est d’une importance capitale dans les programmes de résidence fondés sur les compétences. Le score QuAL (Quality of Assessment for Learning) est un outil développé pour évaluer la qualité de la rétroaction narrative dans les évaluations en milieu de travail. Sa validité a été démontrée dans le cas des commentaires narratifs fournis aux résidents en médecine d'urgence, mais sa fiabilité n’a pas été évaluée dans d'autres programmes de formation postdoctorale. Méthodes : Cinquante ensembles de commentaires portant sur des APC d'une seule année universitaire dans notre programme postdoctoral en anesthésiologie – un programme fondé sur les compétences – ont été sélectionnés par échantillonnage stratifié selon des paramètres préétablis [par exemple, le sexe du résident et son niveau de formation, le sexe de l'évaluateur, le niveau de formation en Compétence par conception, et le nombre de mots (≥17 ou <17 mots)]. Deux membres du comité de compétence et deux étudiants en médecine ont évalué la qualité de la rétroaction narrative à l'aide d'un score d'utilité et d'un score QuAL. Nous avons utilisé le coefficient tau-b de Kendall pour comparer l'utilité perçue de la rétroaction écrite et sa qualité évaluée à l’aide du score QuAL. Les auteurs ont utilisé des études de généralisabilité et de décision pour estimer les coefficients de fiabilité et de généralisabilité. Résultats : Les scores d'utilité et les scores QuAL des enseignants (r = 0,646, p < 0,001) et ceux des étudiants (r = 0,667, p < 0,001) étaient modérément corrélés. Les résultats des études de généralisabilité ont montré qu’avec deux évaluateurs les scores d'utilité étaient fiables tant pour les enseignants (Epsilon=0,87, Phi=0,86) que pour les étudiants (Epsilon=0,88, Phi=0,88). Conclusions : Le score QuAL est en corrélation avec l'utilité de la rétroaction sur les APC en anesthésiologie évaluée par les enseignants et les étudiants. Les uns et les autres peuvent appliquer de manière fiable le score QuAL aux commentaires narratifs sur les APC en anesthésiologie. Cet outil pourrait être utilisé pour le perfectionnement professoral et l'évaluation des programmes dans le cadre d’une formation médicale fondée sur les compétences. D'autres programmes pourraient envisager de reproduire notre étude dans leur spécialité

A Standardized Protocol for Measuring Bioelectrical Impedance in Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas)

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is gaining popularity in wildlife studies as a portable technology for immediate and nondestructive predictions of body composition components, such as fat-free and fat masses. Successful application of BIA for field-based research requires the identification and control of potential sources of error, as well as the creation of and adherence to a standardized protocol for measurement. The aim of our study was to determine sources of error and to provide a standardization protocol to improve measurement precision of BIA on juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas; n=35 ). We assessed the effects of altered environmental temperature (20°C–30°C), postprandial state (2–72 h), and time out of the water (2 h) on five impedance parameters (resistance at infinite frequency [Rinf], resistance at zero frequency [R0], resistance at 50 kHz [R50], phase angle at 50 kHz [PhA50], and intracellular resistance [Ri]) using a bioimpedance spectroscopy device. Technical reproducibility of measurements and interanimal variability were also assessed. We found an inverse exponential relationship between change in environmental temperature and impedance parameters Rinf, R0, and R50. Postprandial state significantly increased Rinf and Ri 72 h after feeding. BIA measurements were reproducible within individual juvenile green turtles at temperatures from 20°C to 30°C. Significant variation in impedance values was found between animals at all temperatures, sampling times, and postprandial states, but the relative differences (%) were small in magnitude. Our study suggests that measurement precision is improved by measuring animals at consistent environmental temperatures close to their preferred thermal range. We propose a standardized protocol of measurement conditions to facilitate laboratory and field use of BIA for body composition assessment studies in turtles

Measurement of Proton-Induced Reactions on Lanthanum from 55--200 MeV by Stacked-Foil Activation

Cerium-134 is an isotope desired for applications as a chemical analogue to the promising therapeutic radionuclide $^{225}$Ac, for use in bio-distribution assays as an in vivo generator of the short-lived positron-emitting isotope $^{134}$La. In the 50-100 MeV energy range relevant to the production of $^{134}$Ce by means of high-energy proton bombardment of lanthanum, existing cross section data are discrepant and have gaps at important energies. To address these deficiencies, a series of 17 $^{139}$La foils (99.919% natural abundance) were irradiated in two stacked-target experiments: one at the LANL's Isotope Production Facility with an incident proton energy of 100 MeV, and a second at BNL's Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer with an incident proton energy of 200 MeV - a complete energy range spanning approximately 55-200 MeV. Cross sections are reported for 30 products of $^{139}$La(p,x) reactions (representing up to 55% of the total non-elastic cross section), in addition to 24 residual products measured in the $^{nat}$Cu and $^{nat}$Ti foils that were used as proton flux monitors. The measured production cross sections for $^{139}$La reactions were compared to literature data as well as default calculations from the nuclear reaction modeling codes TALYS, EMPIRE and ALICE, as well as the TENDL-2023 library. The default calculations typically exhibited poor predictive capability, due to the complexity of multiple interacting physics models in this energy range, and deficiencies in preequilibrium reaction modeling. Building upon previous efforts to evaluate proton-induced reactions in this energy range, a parameter adjustment procedure was performed upon the optical model and the two-component exciton model using the TALYS-2.0 code. This resulted in an improvement in $^{139}$La(p,x) cross sections for applications including isotope production, over default predictions

Investigating High-Energy Proton-Induced Reactions on Spherical Nuclei: Implications for the Pre-Equilibrium Exciton Model

A number of accelerator-based isotope production facilities utilize 100- to 200-MeV proton beams due to the high production rates enabled by high-intensity beam capabilities and the greater diversity of isotope production brought on by the long range of high-energy protons. However, nuclear reaction modeling at these energies can be challenging because of the interplay between different reaction modes and a lack of existing guiding cross section data. A Tri-lab collaboration has been formed among the Lawrence Berkeley, Los Alamos, and Brookhaven National Laboratories to address these complexities by characterizing charged-particle nuclear reactions relevant to the production of established and novel radioisotopes. In the inaugural collaboration experiments, stacked-targets of niobium foils were irradiated at the Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer (E$_p$=200 MeV) and the Los Alamos Isotope Production Facility (E$_p$=100 MeV) to measure $^{93}$Nb(p,x) cross sections between 50 and 200 MeV. The measured cross-section results were compared with literature data as well as the default calculations of the nuclear model codes TALYS, CoH, EMPIRE, and ALICE. We developed a standardized procedure that determines the reaction model parameters that best reproduce the most prominent reaction channels in a physically justifiable manner. The primary focus of the procedure was to determine the best parametrization for the pre-equilibrium two-component exciton model. This modeling study revealed a trend toward a relative decrease for internal transition rates at intermediate proton energies (E$_p$=20-60 MeV) in the current exciton model as compared to the default values. The results of this work are instrumental for the planning, execution, and analysis essential to isotope production.Comment: 37 pages, 62 figures. Revised version, published in Physical Review

Genomic, Pathway Network, and Immunologic Features Distinguishing Squamous Carcinomas

This integrated, multiplatform PanCancer Atlas study co-mapped and identified distinguishing molecular features of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from five sites associated with smokin

Pan-Cancer Analysis of lncRNA Regulation Supports Their Targeting of Cancer Genes in Each Tumor Context

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly dys-regulated in tumors, but only a handful are known toplay pathophysiological roles in cancer. We inferredlncRNAs that dysregulate cancer pathways, onco-genes, and tumor suppressors (cancer genes) bymodeling their effects on the activity of transcriptionfactors, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs in5,185 TCGA tumors and 1,019 ENCODE assays.Our predictions included hundreds of candidateonco- and tumor-suppressor lncRNAs (cancerlncRNAs) whose somatic alterations account for thedysregulation of dozens of cancer genes and path-ways in each of 14 tumor contexts. To demonstrateproof of concept, we showed that perturbations tar-geting OIP5-AS1 (an inferred tumor suppressor) andTUG1 and WT1-AS (inferred onco-lncRNAs) dysre-gulated cancer genes and altered proliferation ofbreast and gynecologic cancer cells. Our analysis in-dicates that, although most lncRNAs are dysregu-lated in a tumor-specific manner, some, includingOIP5-AS1, TUG1, NEAT1, MEG3, and TSIX, synergis-tically dysregulate cancer pathways in multiple tumorcontexts

Pan-cancer Alterations of the MYC Oncogene and Its Proximal Network across the Cancer Genome Atlas

Although theMYConcogene has been implicated incancer, a systematic assessment of alterations ofMYC, related transcription factors, and co-regulatoryproteins, forming the proximal MYC network (PMN),across human cancers is lacking. Using computa-tional approaches, we define genomic and proteo-mic features associated with MYC and the PMNacross the 33 cancers of The Cancer Genome Atlas.Pan-cancer, 28% of all samples had at least one ofthe MYC paralogs amplified. In contrast, the MYCantagonists MGA and MNT were the most frequentlymutated or deleted members, proposing a roleas tumor suppressors.MYCalterations were mutu-ally exclusive withPIK3CA,PTEN,APC,orBRAFalterations, suggesting that MYC is a distinct onco-genic driver. Expression analysis revealed MYC-associated pathways in tumor subtypes, such asimmune response and growth factor signaling; chro-matin, translation, and DNA replication/repair wereconserved pan-cancer. This analysis reveals insightsinto MYC biology and is a reference for biomarkersand therapeutics for cancers with alterations ofMYC or the PMN

Spatial Organization and Molecular Correlation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Using Deep Learning on Pathology Images

Beyond sample curation and basic pathologic characterization, the digitized H&E-stained images of TCGA samples remain underutilized. To highlight this resource, we present mappings of tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) based on H&E images from 13 TCGA tumor types. These TIL maps are derived through computational staining using a convolutional neural network trained to classify patches of images. Affinity propagation revealed local spatial structure in TIL patterns and correlation with overall survival. TIL map structural patterns were grouped using standard histopathological parameters. These patterns are enriched in particular T cell subpopulations derived from molecular measures. TIL densities and spatial structure were differentially enriched among tumor types, immune subtypes, and tumor molecular subtypes, implying that spatial infiltrate state could reflect particular tumor cell aberration states. Obtaining spatial lymphocytic patterns linked to the rich genomic characterization of TCGA samples demonstrates one use for the TCGA image archives with insights into the tumor-immune microenvironment

Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Background Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy

Epilepsy, hippocampal sclerosis and febrile seizures linked by common genetic variation around SCN1A

Epilepsy comprises several syndromes, amongst the most common being mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Seizures in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis are typically drug-resistant, and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis is frequently associated with important co-morbidities, mandating the search for better understanding and treatment. The cause of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis is unknown, but there is an association with childhood febrile seizures. Several rarer epilepsies featuring febrile seizures are caused by mutations in SCN1A, which encodes a brain-expressed sodium channel subunit targeted by many anti-epileptic drugs. We undertook a genome-wide association study in 1018 people with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis and 7552 control subjects, with validation in an independent sample set comprising 959 people with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis and 3591 control subjects. To dissect out variants related to a history of febrile seizures, we tested cases with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis with (overall n = 757) and without (overall n = 803) a history of febrile seizures. Meta-analysis revealed a genome-wide significant association for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis with febrile seizures at the sodium channel gene cluster on chromosome 2q24.3 [rs7587026, within an intron of the SCN1A gene, P = 3.36 × 10−9, odds ratio (A) = 1.42, 95% confidence interval: 1.26-1.59]. In a cohort of 172 individuals with febrile seizures, who did not develop epilepsy during prospective follow-up to age 13 years, and 6456 controls, no association was found for rs7587026 and febrile seizures. These findings suggest SCN1A involvement in a common epilepsy syndrome, give new direction to biological understanding of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis with febrile seizures, and open avenues for investigation of prognostic factors and possible prevention of epilepsy in some children with febrile seizure